Hydrofluoric acid (HF) has various industrial applications due to its unique properties, such as its ability to dissolve silica-based materials like glass. Some of the major uses of hydrofluoric acid include:

1. Glass etching: Hydrofluoric acid is commonly used in glass etching to produce intricate designs on the surface of the glass. The acid dissolves the surface of the glass, leaving behind a frosted appearance.
2. Chemical synthesis: HF is used as a catalyst in a variety of chemical reactions, including the production of refrigerants, polymers, and pharmaceuticals.
3. Cleaning metals: Hydrofluoric acid is used to clean and remove impurities from metals, such as aluminum and stainless steel.
4. Semiconductor manufacturing: HF is used in the semiconductor industry to etch silicon wafers and other electronic components.
5. Petroleum refining: HF is used to remove impurities, such as sulfur and nitrogen, from petroleum products during refining.
6. Uranium production: HF is used in the production of uranium fuel for nuclear power plants.
7. Textile industry: HF is used in the textile industry to remove impurities from synthetic fibers.
8. Leather tanning: HF is used in the leather tanning process to remove hair and other impurities from animal hides.
9. Dental and medical applications: HF is used in dental and medical applications, such as in the preparation of dental prostheses and as a fluoride supplement in water.
10. Geology and mineralogy: HF is used in geology and mineralogy to dissolve and extract minerals from rock samples.
11. Rust removal: HF can be used to remove rust from metal surfaces.