Ammonium Chloride Extra Pure

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SHORT DESCRIPTION

Ammonium Chloride Extra Pure is a high-purity, white crystalline salt widely used in laboratory chemistry as a source of ammonium ions and chloride ions for analytical, inorganic, and biochemical applications. It plays a key role in preparing buffer solutions, especially in conjunction with ammonia, and is commonly used in qualitative analysis, electrochemical studies, and metal treatment experiments. In addition, it serves as a reagent in synthesis reactions and as a nitrogen source in microbial culture media. The extra pure grade ensures high consistency and minimal contaminants, making it suitable for precise and sensitive laboratory work. It should be stored in a cool, dry place in well-sealed containers to maintain stability and prevent moisture absorption.

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Category: LABORATORY CHEMICALS Tags: AcidBaseChemistry, AmmoniumSalt, AnalyticalReagent, BufferComponent, ChlorideSource, HighPurityNH4Cl, InorganicStandard, VolatilizationStudies

Description

USES

Primary Uses

Reagent in Qualitative Inorganic Analysis
- Used to suppress the ionization of weak bases (e.g., NH₄OH) and control precipitation in cation group analysis.
Buffer Component (Ammonium Buffer Systems)
- Combined with ammonia to maintain mildly acidic pH in biochemical and analytical buffer solutions.
Reagent in Metallurgical Experiments
- Acts as a flux in lab-scale metal cleaning and preparation, especially for tin, zinc, or soldering studies.
Source of Ammonium Ions in Synthesis
- Supplies NH₄⁺ in preparing other ammonium salts, complex metal compounds, or during redox reactions.
Educational Demonstrations in Sublimation and Thermal Reactions
- Shows reversible sublimation when heated, ideal for teaching volatility and equilibrium concepts.

Secondary Uses

Electrolyte in Conductivity and Galvanic Cell Experiments
- Serves as a chloride-based ionic conductor in salt bridges or simple electrochemical setups.
Nitrogen Source in Microbial Growth Media
- Occasionally used as a nitrogen supplement in lab-prepared culture media for microbial studies.
Reagent in Le Chatelier’s Principle Demonstrations
- Shows shifts in chemical equilibrium when heated (e.g., NH₄Cl ⇌ NH₃ + HCl gas), useful in teaching gas-phase equilibrium.
Corrosion Testing & Surface Reaction Studies
- Used to simulate chloride-induced corrosion in environmental or material science labs.
Controlled pH Experiments in Soil and Water Chemistry
- Applied in modeling ion exchange, soil acidification, or pollutant transport studies.

KEY PRODUCT FEATURES

KEY ATTRIBUTES

1. Basic Identification Attributes

Chemical Name: Ammonium Chloride
CAS Number: 12125-02-9
HS Code: 28271000 (Ammonium chloride)
Molecular Formula: NH₄Cl
Synonyms:
- Sal ammoniac
- Ammonium muriate
- Ammonii chloridum
- Ammonium salt of hydrochloric acid

2. Physical & Chemical Properties

Physical State: Solid (crystalline powder or granules)
Color & Odor: White, odorless crystals
Boiling Point: Sublimes at ~520°C
Melting Point: ~338°C (sublimes, no liquid phase at atmospheric pressure)
Density/Specific Gravity: ~1.527 g/cm³
Solubility:
- Water: Freely soluble (~29.7 g/100 mL at 25°C)
- Alcohol: Slightly soluble
pH Level: ~4.5–6.0 (in 5% aqueous solution)
Vapor Pressure: Negligible (solid)
Flash Point: Not flammable
Autoignition Temperature: Not applicable
Viscosity: Not applicable

3. Safety & Hazard Attributes

Hazard Class (GHS):
- Eye Irritation (Category 2A)
- Acute Toxicity – Oral & Inhalation (Category 4)
NFPA Ratings:
- Health: 2
- Flammability: 0
- Reactivity: 0
Exposure Limits:
- OSHA PEL: Not established
- ACGIH TLV: 10 mg/m³ (inhalable fraction), 20 mg/m³ (STEL)
Reactivity:
- Stable under normal conditions
- Reacts with strong bases to release ammonia gas
- May corrode some metals in presence of moisture

4. Storage & Handling Attributes

Storage Conditions:
- Store in tightly sealed containers
- Keep in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated place
Incompatible Materials:
- Strong bases, oxidizers, acids
Container Type:
- HDPE, glass, or plastic bottles with tight lids
Shelf Life & Expiration Date:
- ~3–5 years if stored properly
Special Handling Requirements:
- Avoid inhalation of dust
- Use gloves, goggles, and dust mask if handling large amounts

5. Regulatory & Compliance Attributes

Regulatory Status:
- Listed under TSCA, REACH
- Approved for laboratory and industrial use
Transportation Restrictions:
- Not classified as hazardous for transport under standard quantities
Waste Disposal Method:
- Dissolve in water and neutralize if needed
- Dispose of according to local and institutional waste regulations

6. Environmental & Health Impact

Ecotoxicity:
- Low to moderate aquatic toxicity at high concentrations
- Can contribute to nitrogen loading in water bodies
Persistence in Environment:
- Dissociates into NH₄⁺ and Cl⁻ ions
Carcinogenicity/Mutagenicity:
- Not classified as carcinogenic or mutagenic
Biodegradability:
- Inorganic; not biodegradable but environmentally manageable

SAFETY HANDLING PRECAUTIONS

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
- Wear a lab coat, safety goggles, and chemical-resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile or neoprene).
- Use a dust mask or fume hood to avoid inhalation of fine particles or vapors.
Handling:
- Handle with care in a well-ventilated area.
- Avoid inhalation, ingestion, and contact with eyes and skin.
- Prevent dust formation; do not mix with strong acids or alkalis.
Storage:
- Store in a tightly sealed container in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area.
- Protect from moisture—ammonium chloride is hygroscopic and may cake.
- Keep away from strong oxidizers and acids.
Hygiene Measures:
- Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
- Do not eat, drink, or smoke while working in the lab.
- Clean up spills promptly and avoid dust dispersal.

FIRST AID MEASURES

Inhalation:
- Move person to fresh air.
- Provide oxygen if breathing is difficult.
- Seek medical attention if coughing or respiratory irritation occurs.
Skin Contact:
- Wash affected area with plenty of water and soap.
- Remove contaminated clothing.
- Seek medical attention if irritation or burns develop.
Eye Contact:
- Rinse thoroughly with clean water for at least 15 minutes.
- Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do.
- Seek immediate medical attention for persistent pain or irritation.
Ingestion:
- Rinse mouth with water.
- Do not induce vomiting.
- If the person is fully conscious, give water to dilute.
- Seek immediate medical attention—may irritate the gastrointestinal tract.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES

Suitable Extinguishing Media:
- Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide (CO₂) depending on surrounding materials.
Specific Hazards:
- Non-flammable, but decomposes at high temperatures to release toxic fumes including:
  - Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
  - Ammonia (NH₃)
- These gases can be irritating or harmful if inhaled.
Protective Equipment for Firefighters:
- Wear full protective gear and a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Firefighting Instructions:
- Cool exposed containers with water spray.
- Evacuate area and ventilate after extinguishing fire.
- Avoid breathing decomposition vapors.