Nitric Acid
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Nitric Acid is a concentrated aqueous solution of nitric acid (HNO₃) commonly used as a strong oxidizing acid in numerous industrial, laboratory, and manufacturing processes. It is a highly corrosive, colorless to yellowish liquid with a pungent odor. Nitric Acid 68% is fundamental in the production of fertilizers, explosives, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. It is also widely used in metal treatment, etching, and cleaning applications due to its powerful oxidizing and nitrating properties.
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Nitric Acid
Primary Uses
- Fertilizer Production
- Used in the manufacture of ammonium nitrate fertilizers, a key nutrient source in agriculture.
- Explosives Manufacturing
- Essential in producing nitroglycerin, trinitrotoluene (TNT), and other nitrate explosives.
- Chemical Synthesis
- Used as a nitrating agent in the synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and organic chemicals.
- Metal Treatment & Etching
- Employed for pickling stainless steel and other metals to remove oxides and prepare surfaces.
- Used in electroplating and metal refining processes.
- Laboratory Reagent
- Commonly used in analytical chemistry for sample digestion and preparation.
Secondary Uses
- Wastewater Treatment
- Used to neutralize alkaline wastes and assist in chemical treatment processes.
- Cleaning Agent
- Employed in specialized cleaning applications to remove mineral deposits and rust.
- Rocket Propellant Manufacture
- Used as a component in liquid rocket propellants (in combination with other chemicals).
- Textile Industry
- Utilized in dyeing and finishing processes to introduce nitro groups into textile chemicals.
KEY PRODUCT FEATURES
1. Basic Identification Attributes
- Chemical Name (IUPAC): Nitric acid
- Common/Trade Name: Nitric Acid 68%
- CAS Number: 7697-37-2
- HS Code: 2808.00.00
- Synonyms: Aqua fortis, spirit of nitre
2. Physical & Chemical Properties
- Physical State: Liquid
- Color & Odor: Colorless to pale yellow; sharp, acrid odor
- Concentration: Typically 68% by weight
- Density: Approx. 1.41 g/cm³
- Boiling Point: ~120.5°C (at 68%)
- Solubility: Miscible with water
3. Safety & Hazard Attributes
- GHS Classification: Corrosive (Category 1), Oxidizing (Category 3), Acute toxicity (Category 3 inhalation)
- Toxicity: Highly corrosive to skin, eyes, and respiratory tract
- Exposure Limits: Strict occupational exposure limits apply (e.g., OSHA PEL 2 ppm)
4. Storage & Handling Attributes
- Storage Conditions: Store in cool, well-ventilated, corrosion-resistant containers away from combustible materials and bases
- Container Type: Typically supplied in acid-resistant plastic or glass-lined steel containers
- Shelf Life: Stable if stored properly under recommended conditions
- Handling Precautions: Use acid-resistant gloves, face shield, and protective clothing; handle under fume hood or in well-ventilated areas
5. Regulatory & Compliance Attributes
- Complies with international standards for industrial nitric acid
- Listed as a hazardous material under OSHA, REACH, and other regulations
- Subject to strict transport and storage regulations due to corrosivity and oxidizing nature
6. Environmental & Health Impact
- Biodegradability: Not biodegradable; neutralizes to nitrates in environment
- Ecotoxicity: Highly toxic to aquatic life; avoid release into waterways
- Bioaccumulation: Not expected to bioaccumulate
- Carcinogenicity/Mutagenicity: Not classified as carcinogenic
SAFETY HANDLING PRECAUTIONS
Safety Handling Precautions
- PPE Required: Acid-resistant gloves, eye protection, face shield, protective clothing, and respiratory protection if airborne exposure possible
- Handling Guidelines: Use in well-ventilated areas; avoid skin, eye contact, and inhalation of vapors
- Storage Measures: Keep containers tightly closed and segregated from incompatible substances
First Aid Measures
- Inhalation: Move to fresh air immediately; seek urgent medical attention
- Skin Contact: Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes; remove contaminated clothing; seek medical care
- Eye Contact: Flush eyes with water continuously for at least 15 minutes; urgent medical attention required
- Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting; rinse mouth; seek emergency medical care immediately
Firefighting Measures
- Fire Hazards: Non-flammable but reacts violently with many materials
- Extinguishing Media: Use water spray, fog, or alcohol-resistant foam; avoid dry chemical on large spills
- Special Precautions: Wear full protective gear and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
- Hazardous Combustion Products: May release nitrogen oxides (NOx) and other toxic gases
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