Formalin
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Formalin Formaldehyde is an aqueous solution containing approximately 37% formaldehyde by weight, stabilized typically with 10-15% methanol to prevent polymerization. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent, penetrating odor. Formaldehyde is a simple aldehyde widely used as a disinfectant, preservative, and chemical intermediate. Formalin’s powerful antimicrobial and tissue-fixation properties make it essential in medical, laboratory, industrial, and manufacturing applications. It is one of the most commonly used chemicals worldwide for sterilization, embalming, and resin production.
Description
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Formalin (Formaldehyde)
Primary Uses
- Medical and Laboratory
- Used extensively as a tissue fixative in histology, pathology, and anatomical studies to preserve biological specimens by cross-linking proteins and halting decay.
- Employed in embalming fluids to preserve human and animal remains.
- Used for sterilizing surgical instruments and disinfecting medical equipment and laboratories.
- Industrial Applications
- Key raw material in the manufacture of resins such as urea-formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde, and melamine-formaldehyde resins used in adhesives, laminates, plywood, and particleboard.
- Used as a fumigant and disinfectant in industrial sanitation and preservation.
- Utilized in the production of plastics, coatings, textiles, and paper treatments.
- Agriculture
- Used as a fungicide, bactericide, and pesticide in controlled applications.
- Applied to disinfect soil and farming equipment to control pathogens.
- Water Treatment
- Employed as a biocide in cooling towers, wastewater treatment, and industrial water systems to control microbial growth.
- Cosmetics and Consumer Products
- Used in very low concentrations as a preservative in cosmetic formulations (regulated due to toxicity concerns).
Secondary Uses
- Research and Analytical Chemistry
- Used as a standard reagent in chemical synthesis and analytical tests.
- Involved in polymerization reactions and cross-linking in biochemical applications.
- Textile Industry
- Applied in wrinkle-resistant and crease-proof finishing agents for fabrics.
- Waste Management
- Utilized in stabilization of sewage sludge and waste products to reduce pathogens and odors.
PRODUCT KEY FEATURES
- Basic Identification Attributes
- Chemical Name (IUPAC): Methanal
- Common/Trade Name: Formalin, Formaldehyde Solution
- CAS Number: 50-00-0
- HS Code: 2912.11
- Molecular Formula: CH2O
- Synonyms: Formaldehyde solution, Methylene glycol (in solution), Methanal
- Physical & Chemical Properties
- Physical State: Clear liquid
- Color & Odor: Colorless; strong pungent, irritating odor
- Boiling Point: ~100 °C (aqueous solution)
- Density: ~1.08 g/cm³
- Solubility: Completely miscible with water; soluble in alcohol and ether
- pH: Slightly acidic to neutral (4-7) depending on concentration
- Stability: Stable under cool, dark conditions; polymerizes upon prolonged storage or exposure to heat and light without stabilizer
- Safety & Hazard Attributes
- Hazard Class (GHS): Flammable liquid (Category 3), Acute toxicity, Skin corrosion/irritation, Serious eye damage/irritation, Carcinogenicity (Category 1B)
- Toxicity: Highly toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption
- Exposure Limits: OSHA PEL: 0.75 ppm (8-hr TWA), NIOSH REL: 0.016 ppm (ceiling)
- Storage & Handling Attributes
- Storage Conditions: Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat and ignition sources
- Container Type: Corrosion-resistant steel or plastic containers with vapor-tight seals
- Shelf Life: Typically 1-2 years if stored properly
- Handling Precautions: Use explosion-proof equipment; avoid vapor inhalation and direct contact; use personal protective equipment
- Regulatory & Compliance Attributes
- Subject to strict regulations worldwide due to toxicity and carcinogenicity
- Listed as a hazardous substance by OSHA, EPA, REACH, and other authorities
- Usage limits and occupational exposure strictly controlled
- Environmental & Health Impact
- Biodegradability: Readily biodegrades in the environment under aerobic conditions
- Ecotoxicity: Toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects
- Bioaccumulation: Not expected to bioaccumulate significantly
- Carcinogenicity/Mutagenicity: Classified as a human carcinogen (IARC Group 1) with mutagenic potential
SAFETY HANDLING PRECAUTIONS
- Safety Handling Precautions
- PPE Required: Full protective clothing, chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles, face shield, and respiratory protection with formaldehyde cartridges or supplied air
- Handling Guidelines: Work in well-ventilated or exhaust-controlled areas; avoid inhalation and skin contact; no open flames or sparks nearby
- Storage Measures: Store away from oxidizing agents, strong acids, and alkalis; keep containers sealed and upright
- Hygiene Practices: Wash hands and exposed skin thoroughly after handling; no eating, drinking, or smoking in work areas
- First Aid Measures
- Inhalation: Move affected person to fresh air immediately; provide oxygen or artificial respiration if necessary; seek urgent medical care
- Skin Contact: Remove contaminated clothing; wash affected skin with plenty of water and soap; seek medical attention if irritation or burns occur
- Eye Contact: Rinse eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes; obtain immediate medical attention
- Ingestion: Do NOT induce vomiting; rinse mouth; seek immediate medical help
- Firefighting Measures
- Fire Hazards: Flammable liquid; vapors can form explosive mixtures with air; emits toxic gases (formaldehyde, carbon monoxide) on burning
- Extinguishing Media: Use alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide (CO₂), or water spray
- Special Precautions: Firefighters must wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective gear
- Decomposition Products: Formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and other toxic gases
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