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Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide
Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide (Dextromethorphan HBr) is a synthetic derivative of morphinan and a widely used antitussive agent that suppresses cough reflex. It acts centrally on the cough center in the medulla without causing typical opioid side effects such as analgesia or dependence. It is commonly formulated in syrups, tablets, lozenges, and combination cold and flu medications. Due to its rapid onset, good oral bioavailability, and well-tolerated safety profile, Dextromethorphan HBr is a preferred active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in cough suppressant products worldwide.
Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide (Dextromethorphan HBr)Â
Primary UsesÂ
- Pharmaceutical Cough Suppressants
- Used as an effective antitussive agent in over-the-counter and prescription medications to relieve dry, non-productive coughs.
- Incorporated into syrup, capsule, tablet, lozenge, and inhalation formulations.
- Employed in combination with decongestants, antihistamines, or expectorants to treat multi-symptom cold and flu products.
- Neurological Research
- Investigated for its NMDA receptor antagonist activity with potential applications in neuroprotection and psychiatric disorders research.
- Pediatric Formulations
- Included in pediatric cold and cough syrups at appropriate dosing for symptomatic relief in children (dosage strictly controlled).
Secondary UsesÂ
- Potential Off-label Research
- Explored experimentally for effects on neuropathic pain and other CNS conditions.
- Recreational Substance (Illicit Use Concern)
- Known for abuse potential at high doses causing dissociative and psychoactive effects; regulated accordingly.
1. Basic Identification Attributes
- Chemical Name (IUPAC): (–)-3-Methoxy-17-methylmorphinan hydrobromide
- Common/Trade Name: Dextromethorphan HBr
- CAS Number: 125-71-3
- HS Code: 2939.99.99
- Molecular Formula: C18H25NO · HBr
- Synonyms:
- Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide
- Dextromethorphan Bromide Salt
- Dextromethorphan HBr
- Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide USP
- Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide Monohydrate (if hydrated)
2. Physical & Chemical Properties
- Physical State: White or off-white crystalline powder
- Solubility: Freely soluble in water and ethanol
- Melting Point: Approximately 171–174°C
- pH (1% aqueous solution): Neutral to slightly acidic
- Stability: Stable under normal storage; sensitive to strong oxidizers and light degradation
- Molecular Weight: 335.31 g/mol (anhydrous)
- Appearance: Fine crystalline powder
3. Safety & Hazard Attributes
- Hazard Class (GHS): Generally low hazard; handle as pharmaceutical-grade compound
- Toxicity: Low to moderate oral toxicity; high doses may cause CNS effects and toxicity
- Irritation: May cause mild skin or eye irritation; avoid inhalation of dust
- Abuse Potential: Controlled substance in many jurisdictions due to abuse potential at high doses
4. Storage & Handling Attributes
- Storage Conditions: Store in a cool, dry, dark place, preferably 15–25°C
- Container Type: Airtight, moisture-proof containers such as glass or HDPE bottles
- Shelf Life: Typically 2–3 years if stored properly
- Handling Precautions: Use PPE to avoid dust inhalation and skin/eye contact; handle in well-ventilated areas
5. Regulatory & Compliance Attributes
- Regulatory Status: Approved as an antitussive agent by FDA, EMA, and other global regulatory bodies
- Pharmacopoeia Standards: USP, EP grades available
- Controlled Substance: Regulated in many countries due to abuse potential; restrictions on sales and distribution
- Transportation: Non-hazardous under standard transport regulations but subject to controlled substance rules in some regions
6. Environmental & Health Impact
- Biodegradability: Limited data; expected to degrade under normal environmental conditions
- Ecotoxicity: Not well documented; precaution advised in disposal
- Bioaccumulation: Not expected
- Carcinogenicity/Mutagenicity: No evidence of carcinogenic or mutagenic effects
Safety Handling Precautions
- PPE Required:
- Dust mask or respirator during powder handling
- Safety goggles
- Gloves (nitrile or latex)
- Lab coat or protective clothing
- Handling Guidelines:
- Minimize dust generation
- Avoid inhalation and direct contact with skin or eyes
- Use in well-ventilated areas or fume hoods if handling large quantities
- Storage Measures:
- Keep containers tightly closed and dry
- Protect from light and moisture
- Hygiene Practices:
- No eating, drinking, or smoking during handling
- Wash hands thoroughly after handling
First Aid Measures
- Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical attention if respiratory irritation or distress occurs
- Skin Contact: Wash with soap and water; seek medical advice if irritation persists
- Eye Contact: Rinse immediately with plenty of water for 15 minutes; seek medical attention
- Ingestion: Seek medical advice; supportive treatment for overdose symptoms as required
Firefighting Measures
- Fire Hazard: Combustible powder; dust may pose explosion risk in confined spaces
- Extinguishing Media: Water spray, foam, dry chemical, COâ‚‚
- Special Precautions: Avoid dust dispersion; use appropriate respiratory protection
- Decomposition Products: May emit carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, and hydrogen bromide upon combustion
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