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Enrofloxacin Hydrochloride
Enrofloxacin Hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic used primarily in veterinary medicine. It is the hydrochloride salt of enrofloxacin, offering enhanced solubility and bioavailability. Enrofloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, disrupting DNA replication in Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms as well as some Mycoplasma species. It is available as a white to off-white crystalline powder, used in injectable, oral, and topical formulations designed for livestock, companion animals, and aquatic species.
Enrofloxacin Hydrochloride
Primary Uses
- Veterinary Medicine
- Companion Animals (Dogs & Cats): Treats skin, soft tissue, urinary, respiratory, and gastrointestinal infections caused by susceptible bacteria.
- Livestock (Cattle, Pigs, Sheep): Administered to treat respiratory diseases (e.g., bovine respiratory disease), mastitis, foot rot, and gastrointestinal infections.
- Poultry & Aquaculture: Used for bacterial infections in fish and poultry when acute outbreaks occur.
- Preventive Use: Employed under veterinary supervision for surgical prophylaxis or after trauma to prevent infection.
- Pharmaceutical & Research Applications
- Drug Formulation Development: Used in studies to improve dosage forms (injectable, tablet, bolus, topical).
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research: Included in studies assessing bacterial resistance trends and mechanisms.
- Veterinary Clinical Trials: Serves as a reference antibiotic for testing novel treatments.
Secondary Uses
- Exotic and Zoo Animals
- Used off-label under veterinary guidance to treat infections in exotic pets, wildlife rehabilitation, and zoo species.
- Antibacterial Sensitivity Testing
- Employed in culture and sensitivity panels to determine susceptibility of veterinary pathogens.
1. Basic Identification Attributes
- Chemical Name (IUPAC): 1-cyclopropyl-7-(4‑ethylpiperazin-1‑yl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4‑dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride
- Common/Trade Name: Enrofloxacin HCl
- CAS Number: 93106-60-6
- HS Code: 2941.30.00
- Molecular Formula: C19H22FN3O3·HCl
- Synonyms:
- Enrofloxacin hydrochloride
- Flumequine analog
- Enro-HCl
2. Physical & Chemical Properties
- Physical State: White to off-white crystalline powder
- Odor: Odorless
- Melting Point: Approx. 228–235 °C (with decomposition)
- Solubility: Soluble in water, ethanol, and methanol; rarely soluble in non-polar solvents
- pH (1% aqueous): Typically ~4.5–5.5
- Stability: Stable in dry form under ambient conditions; sensitive to light, strong acids, and bases
3. Safety & Hazard Attributes
- Hazard Class (GHS): Not classed as hazardous, but may cause sensitization
- Toxicity: Moderate; may cause gastrointestinal, CNS effects, and photosensitivity in animals
- Exposure Limits: No specific occupational limits; use standard laboratory hygiene
4. Storage & Handling Attributes
- Storage Conditions: Store in airtight containers at 2–8 °C in dark, dry conditions
- Container Type: Amber glass bottles or HDPE containers
- Shelf Life: 2–3 years if tightly sealed and temperature-controlled
- Handling Precautions: Avoid dust inhalation, skin contact; use PPE to prevent cross-contamination
5. Regulatory & Compliance Attributes
- Regulatory Approvals: Listed in veterinary pharmacopeias (USP Vet, Ph. Eur.)
- Residue Monitoring: Subject to MRLs for milk and meat withdrawal periods
- Prescription Status: Veterinary prescription-only in most countries
- REACH/TSCA Status: Registered in jurisdictions where required
6. Environmental & Health Impact
- Biodegradability: Partial; may persist in soil and water
- Ecotoxicity: Toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid releasing effluents
- Bioaccumulation: Potential for accumulation in aquatic tissues
- Carcinogenicity/Mutagenicity: Not classified; safety based on animal data only
Safety Handling Precautions
PPE Required:
- Nitrile gloves
- Safety goggles
- Lab coat
- Dust mask or respirator when handling bulk powder
Handling Guidelines:
- Work in a ventilated area
- Avoid inhalation of dust and skin contact
- Minimize aerosol generation
- Use clean equipment and avoid cross-contamination
Storage Measures:
- Keep containers sealed and refrigerated (2–8 °C)
- Protect from light, moisture, and heat
- Store separately from incompatible substances (strong acids, oxidizers)
Hygiene Practices:
- Wash hands thoroughly after handling
- Do not eat, drink, or smoke in the facility
- Change out contaminated clothing and launder separately
First Aid Measures
- Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical attention if respiratory symptoms develop
- Skin Contact: Wash with soap and water; seek medical advice if rash or irritation occurs
- Eye Contact: Rinse eyes with water for 15 minutes; seek medical advice if irritation persists
- Ingestion: Rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek veterinary or human medical attention as applicable
Firefighting Measures
- Fire Hazards: Combustible powder; may produce dense smoke when exposed to high heat
- Extinguishing Media: Foam, dry chemical, CO₂, or water spray
- Special Precautions: Use proper respiratory protection during firefighting
- Decomposition Products: May emit nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride, CO, and CO₂
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