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Chlorpheniramine Maleate
Chlorpheniramine Maleate is a first-generation alkylamine antihistamine used primarily to relieve allergy symptoms by blocking H1 histamine receptors. It appears as a white or off-white crystalline powder, freely soluble in water and alcohol. Known for rapid onset and moderate duration of action, it’s widely formulated in pharmaceuticals. It also exhibits mild anticholinergic and sedative effects.
Chlorpheniramine Maleate
Primary Uses
- Pharmaceuticals
- Active ingredient in oral tablets, capsules, and syrups for treatment of:
- Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
- Urticaria (hives)
- Allergic conjunctivitis
- Anaphylaxis adjunct therapy
- Common cold symptom relief (sneezing, runny nose)
- Used in combination cold, flu, and allergy medications with decongestants, analgesics, and cough suppressants.
- Injectable forms used for rapid allergy symptom relief in emergency or clinical settings.
- Veterinary Medicine
- Treatment of pruritus and allergic reactions in animals including dogs and cats.
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Research
- Widely used in lab research to study histamine H1 receptor antagonism and allergy mechanisms.
Secondary Uses
- Cosmetics & Topical Preparations
- Incorporated in anti-itch creams, lotions, or gels for localized relief of itching and allergic skin reactions (limited use due to systemic absorption concerns).
- Over-the-Counter (OTC) Products
- Included in OTC antihistamine formulations targeting mild allergy symptoms and seasonal hay fever relief.
- Formulation Studies
- Used by pharmaceutical companies in drug formulation development for evaluating bioavailability, stability, and efficacy of antihistamines.
- Analytical Reference Standard
- Employed in quality control laboratories as a reference standard to verify purity and potency of antihistamine drugs.
1. Basic Identification Attributes
- Chemical Name (IUPAC): 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-pyridin-2-yl-propan-1-amine maleate
- Common/Trade Name: Chlorpheniramine Maleate
- CAS Number: 132-22-9
- HS Code: 2933.69.90
- Molecular Formula: C16H19ClN2 · C4H4O4
- Synonyms: CPM, Chlorphenamine Maleate
2. Physical & Chemical Properties
- Physical State: White or off-white crystalline powder
- Melting Point: 125–130°C
- Solubility: Freely soluble in water and ethanol; slightly soluble in chloroform and ether
- Stability: Stable under normal conditions; sensitive to light and moisture
3. Safety & Hazard Attributes
- Hazard Class (GHS): Harmful if swallowed; may cause drowsiness or dizziness
- NFPA Ratings: Health 2, Flammability 1, Reactivity 0
- Exposure Limits: No specific limits; dust exposure to be minimized
- Toxicity: Moderate toxicity; overdose can cause anticholinergic effects and CNS depression
4. Storage & Handling Attributes
- Store in cool, dry, dark place; use airtight containers
- Shelf life: 3–5 years
- Use PPE to avoid inhalation and skin contact
5. Regulatory & Compliance Attributes
- Included in USP, BP, EP
- FDA approved as antihistamine active pharmaceutical ingredient
- Registered under REACH and other international regulations
6. Environmental & Health Impact
- Low ecotoxicity; biodegradable; low bioaccumulation potential
- Not classified as carcinogenic or mutagenic
Safety Handling Precautions
- Wear gloves, dust masks, goggles
- Avoid inhalation, skin and eye contact
- Use in well-ventilated areas
First Aid Measures
- Inhalation: Fresh air, medical attention if symptoms persist
- Skin: Wash with soap and water, seek care if irritated
- Eyes: Flush with water, seek medical help if needed
- Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting, seek urgent medical attention
Firefighting Measures
- Combustible; use dry chemical, foam, CO₂
- Wear full protective gear
- Avoid inhalation of combustion products (HCl, nitrogen oxides)
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This white to off-white crystalline powder is highly effective and exhibits broad-spectrum antifungal and some antibacterial activity. It is commonly utilized in creams, ointments, powders, and gel formulations.
