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Norfloxacin
Norfloxacin is a synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic used primarily to treat bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes essential for DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination, leading to bacterial cell death. Norfloxacin is effective against various Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria and is commonly used in urinary tract infections, prostatitis, and gastroenteritis.
Norfloxacin
Primary Uses
- Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
- Treatment of uncomplicated and complicated UTIs caused by susceptible bacteria.
- Effective against pathogens like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas.
- Prostatitis
- Used in bacterial prostatitis caused by susceptible organisms, often requiring prolonged therapy.
- Gastrointestinal Infections
- Treats bacterial diarrhea, including traveler’s diarrhea and infections caused by Shigella and Salmonella.
- Sexually Transmitted Infections
- Effective against certain sexually transmitted infections caused by susceptible bacteria.
Secondary Uses
- Respiratory Tract Infections
- Used off-label for bronchitis and pneumonia caused by susceptible bacteria in certain cases.
- Bone and Joint Infections
- May be used adjunctively for osteomyelitis caused by susceptible bacteria.
- Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
- Treatment option for infections when pathogens are sensitive and other agents are contraindicated.
- Preventive Use in Surgery
- Occasionally employed for prophylaxis against infections in genitourinary surgeries.
1. Basic Identification Attributes
- Chemical Name (IUPAC): 1-Ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid
- Common/Trade Name: Norfloxacin
- CAS Number: 70458-96-7
- HS Code: 2934.99.99 (Antibiotics, other than penicillins)
- Synonyms: Noroxin, Norflox, Norcin
2. Physical & Chemical Properties
- Physical State: White to off-white crystalline powder
- Odor: Odorless or slight characteristic odor
- Solubility: Sparingly soluble in water; soluble in dilute acids and alkali
- Melting Point: 222–224°C
- Molecular Formula: C16H18FN3O3
3. Safety & Hazard Attributes
- GHS Classification: Harmful if swallowed; may cause serious eye irritation
- Toxicity: Moderate toxicity; use under medical supervision
- Exposure Limits: Not established; handle with appropriate PPE
4. Storage & Handling Attributes
- Storage Conditions: Store in a cool, dry place protected from light
- Container Type: Supplied in airtight containers or blister packs
- Shelf Life: Typically 2–3 years under recommended storage
- Handling Precautions: Use gloves and avoid inhalation of dust; prevent contamination
5. Regulatory & Compliance Attributes
- Approved by major regulatory bodies such as FDA, EMA, and WHO for clinical use
- Included in WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
- Manufactured according to GMP standards
6. Environmental & Health Impact
- Biodegradability: Moderate; should not be released untreated into environment
- Ecotoxicity: May be toxic to aquatic organisms; avoid environmental contamination
- Bioaccumulation: Low potential
- Carcinogenicity/Mutagenicity: Not classified as carcinogenic; mutagenicity not observed at therapeutic doses
Safety Handling Precautions
- PPE Required: Gloves, dust mask, and safety goggles recommended during handling
- Handling Guidelines: Use in well-ventilated areas; avoid dust formation
- Storage Measures: Keep containers tightly closed and away from incompatible substances
First Aid Measures
- Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical attention if symptoms develop
- Skin Contact: Wash with soap and water; seek medical help if irritation occurs
- Eye Contact: Rinse immediately with water for at least 15 minutes; consult a physician if irritation persists
- Ingestion: Rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek immediate medical attention
Firefighting Measures
- Fire Hazards: Non-flammable
- Extinguishing Media: Use water spray, foam, dry chemical, or CO₂ extinguisher
- Special Precautions: Use standard protective equipment and self-contained breathing apparatus if necessary
- Hazardous Combustion Products: Carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides
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