Enrofloxacin Hydrochloride

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Enrofloxacin Hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic used primarily in veterinary medicine. It is the hydrochloride salt of enrofloxacin, offering enhanced solubility and bioavailability. Enrofloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, disrupting DNA replication in Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms as well as some Mycoplasma species. It is available as a white to off-white crystalline powder, used in injectable, oral, and topical formulations designed for livestock, companion animals, and aquatic species.

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Category: Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) Tags: Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial, Enrofloxacin HCl, Enrofloxacin Hydrochloride, Fish Antibiotic, Medicated Feed Additive

Description

Table of Contents

Enrofloxacin Hydrochloride

Primary Uses

Veterinary Medicine

Companion Animals (Dogs & Cats): Treats skin, soft tissue, urinary, respiratory, and gastrointestinal infections caused by susceptible bacteria.
Livestock (Cattle, Pigs, Sheep): Administered to treat respiratory diseases (e.g., bovine respiratory disease), mastitis, foot rot, and gastrointestinal infections.
Poultry & Aquaculture: Used for bacterial infections in fish and poultry when acute outbreaks occur.
Preventive Use: Employed under veterinary supervision for surgical prophylaxis or after trauma to prevent infection.

Pharmaceutical & Research Applications

Drug Formulation Development: Used in studies to improve dosage forms (injectable, tablet, bolus, topical).
Antimicrobial Resistance Research: Included in studies assessing bacterial resistance trends and mechanisms.
Veterinary Clinical Trials: Serves as a reference antibiotic for testing novel treatments.

Secondary Uses

Exotic and Zoo Animals

Used off-label under veterinary guidance to treat infections in exotic pets, wildlife rehabilitation, and zoo species.

Antibacterial Sensitivity Testing

Employed in culture and sensitivity panels to determine susceptibility of veterinary pathogens.

KEY PRODUCT FEATURES

1. Basic Identification Attributes

Chemical Name (IUPAC): 1-cyclopropyl-7-(4‑ethylpiperazin-1‑yl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4‑dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride
Common/Trade Name: Enrofloxacin HCl
CAS Number: 93106-60-6
HS Code: 2941.30.00
Molecular Formula: C19H22FN3O3·HCl
Synonyms:
- Enrofloxacin hydrochloride
- Flumequine analog
- Enro-HCl

2. Physical & Chemical Properties

Physical State: White to off-white crystalline powder
Odor: Odorless
Melting Point: Approx. 228–235 °C (with decomposition)
Solubility: Soluble in water, ethanol, and methanol; rarely soluble in non-polar solvents
pH (1% aqueous): Typically ~4.5–5.5
Stability: Stable in dry form under ambient conditions; sensitive to light, strong acids, and bases

3. Safety & Hazard Attributes

Hazard Class (GHS): Not classed as hazardous, but may cause sensitization
Toxicity: Moderate; may cause gastrointestinal, CNS effects, and photosensitivity in animals
Exposure Limits: No specific occupational limits; use standard laboratory hygiene

4. Storage & Handling Attributes

Storage Conditions: Store in airtight containers at 2–8 °C in dark, dry conditions
Container Type: Amber glass bottles or HDPE containers
Shelf Life: 2–3 years if tightly sealed and temperature-controlled
Handling Precautions: Avoid dust inhalation, skin contact; use PPE to prevent cross-contamination

5. Regulatory & Compliance Attributes

Regulatory Approvals: Listed in veterinary pharmacopeias (USP Vet, Ph. Eur.)
Residue Monitoring: Subject to MRLs for milk and meat withdrawal periods
Prescription Status: Veterinary prescription-only in most countries
REACH/TSCA Status: Registered in jurisdictions where required

6. Environmental & Health Impact

Biodegradability: Partial; may persist in soil and water
Ecotoxicity: Toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; avoid releasing effluents
Bioaccumulation: Potential for accumulation in aquatic tissues
Carcinogenicity/Mutagenicity: Not classified; safety based on animal data only

SAFETY HANDLING PRECAUTIONS

Safety Handling Precautions

PPE Required:

Nitrile gloves
Safety goggles
Lab coat
Dust mask or respirator when handling bulk powder

Handling Guidelines:

Work in a ventilated area
Avoid inhalation of dust and skin contact
Minimize aerosol generation
Use clean equipment and avoid cross-contamination

Storage Measures:

Keep containers sealed and refrigerated (2–8 °C)
Protect from light, moisture, and heat
Store separately from incompatible substances (strong acids, oxidizers)

Hygiene Practices:

Wash hands thoroughly after handling
Do not eat, drink, or smoke in the facility
Change out contaminated clothing and launder separately

First Aid Measures

Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical attention if respiratory symptoms develop
Skin Contact: Wash with soap and water; seek medical advice if rash or irritation occurs
Eye Contact: Rinse eyes with water for 15 minutes; seek medical advice if irritation persists
Ingestion: Rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting; seek veterinary or human medical attention as applicable

Firefighting Measures

Fire Hazards: Combustible powder; may produce dense smoke when exposed to high heat
Extinguishing Media: Foam, dry chemical, CO₂, or water spray
Special Precautions: Use proper respiratory protection during firefighting
Decomposition Products: May emit nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride, CO, and CO₂