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Malic Acid
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Malic Acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid found in many fruits, particularly apples, and is commonly used as a food additive, flavor enhancer, and acidulant. It is available in crystalline or powder form and has a strong, tart taste. Commercially, it is produced synthetically or extracted from natural sources. Malic Acid exists in two isomeric forms: L-malic acid (naturally occurring and biologically active) and DL-malic acid (synthetic racemic mixture). It is highly soluble in water and widely used in food, beverage, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.
Description
Malic Acid
Primary Uses
- Food & Beverage Industry
- Acidulant: Adds tartness and enhances flavor in beverages, candies, fruit preparations, jams, and jellies.
- Preservative: Lowers pH to inhibit microbial growth and prolong shelf life.
- Flavor Enhancer: Intensifies fruit flavors and balances sweetness in soft drinks and desserts.
- pH Control Agent: Used to adjust acidity in processed foods and beverages.
- Leavening Agent: In baking powders (when combined with bicarbonates), improves leavening efficiency.
- Pharmaceutical Industry
- Excipient: Acts as a flavoring agent in chewable tablets, syrups, and effervescent formulations.
- Buffering Agent: Helps stabilize pH in oral medicines and topical products.
- Chelating Agent: Used to bind metal ions and enhance bioavailability of active ingredients.
- Active Ingredient: Occasionally used in formulations for kidney stone prevention and metabolic support.
- Cosmetic & Personal Care Products
- Exfoliant: Used in skincare products (e.g., peels, cleansers) for gentle exfoliation and skin renewal.
- pH Adjuster: Helps balance acidity in creams, lotions, and shampoos.
- Humectant: Attracts moisture to the skin, improving hydration in lotions and serums.
- Chemical & Industrial Applications
- Metal Cleaning & Surface Treatment: Functions as a chelating and descaling agent in industrial cleaners.
- Electroplating: Used in some metal plating processes for complexing metal ions.
- Polymer Additive: Occasionally used in biodegradable polymers and resins to improve flexibility or processing.
Secondary Uses
- Animal Nutrition
- Used as a feed additive to improve palatability and digestion in livestock and poultry.
- Agriculture & Horticulture
- Used in foliar sprays and nutrient solutions to enhance nutrient uptake through chelation.
- Sometimes added to crop treatments as a pH buffer and stabilizer.
- Dental Applications
- Incorporated in tooth whiteners and mouth rinses for pH control and flavor enhancement.
- Occasionally used in plaque-removing formulations.
- Laboratory & Research
- Used in biochemical research as a buffering or pH-adjusting agent in enzyme assays and fermentation processes.
- Beverage Mixes & Nutraceuticals
- Included in sports drinks, dietary supplements, and rehydration salts for tartness and mineral absorption.
KEY PRODUCT FEATURES
1. Basic Identification Attributes
- Chemical Name (IUPAC): 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propane-tricarboxylic acid
- Common/Trade Name: Malic Acid
- CAS Number: 6915-15-7 (DL-malic acid); 97-67-6 (L-malic acid)
- HS Code: 2918.19.00
- Synonyms: Hydroxybutanedioic acid; Apple acid; DL-malic acid; L-malic acid
2. Physical & Chemical Properties
- Physical State: Crystalline solid or fine powder
- Color & Odor: White; odorless
- Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohol
- Melting Point: 100–130 °C (varies by isomer)
- Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling
- Molecular Formula: C₄H₆O₅
- Molecular Weight: 134.09 g/mol
- pH (1% solution): 2.0–3.0
- Taste: Strongly acidic, sour
- Stability: Stable under dry, cool conditions
3. Safety & Hazard Attributes
- GHS Classification:
- Eye Irritant – Category 2
- Skin Irritant – Category 2 (in concentrated forms)
- Toxicity: Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used appropriately
- Exposure Limits: No established occupational exposure limits
- Carcinogenicity: Not classified as carcinogenic
4. Storage & Handling Attributes
- Storage Conditions: Store in a cool, dry place in a tightly sealed container
- Container Type: Food-grade plastic or fiber drums with inner liners
- Shelf Life: Typically 2 years under optimal storage conditions
- Handling Precautions: Avoid dust formation; wear protective gear when handling large quantities
5. Regulatory & Compliance Attributes
- Approved as food additive (E296) by FDA, EFSA, Codex Alimentarius
- Conforms to USP, FCC, and food-grade standards
- REACH registered and compliant with global chemical safety regulations
- Labeling must include purity grade and additive code when used in food
6. Environmental & Health Impact
- Biodegradability: Readily biodegradable
- Ecotoxicity: Low; minimal environmental risk under typical usage
- Bioaccumulation: Not expected to bioaccumulate
- Carcinogenicity/Mutagenicity: Not classified; safe for intended applications
SAFETY HANDLING PRECAUTIONS
Safety Handling Precautions
- PPE Required: Safety goggles, gloves, dust mask (for powder handling)
- Handling Guidelines: Use in well-ventilated area; avoid eye or prolonged skin contact
- Storage Measures: Keep tightly sealed to prevent moisture absorption; store away from strong oxidizers
First Aid Measures
- Inhalation: Move to fresh air if inhaled; seek medical attention if symptoms persist
- Skin Contact: Wash with soap and water; apply moisturizer if dryness occurs
- Eye Contact: Rinse thoroughly with water for 15 minutes; seek medical advice if irritation continues
- Ingestion: Rinse mouth; non-toxic in small amounts, but seek advice if large quantity is consumed
Firefighting Measures
- Fire Hazards: Not flammable, but may decompose at high temperatures
- Extinguishing Media: Use water spray, foam, dry chemical, or CO₂
- Special Precautions: Wear appropriate protective equipment and breathing apparatus
- Hazardous Combustion Products: May produce carbon oxides (CO, CO₂)
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