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Metronidazole BP
Metronidazole BP is a benzoate ester derivative of metronidazole, used primarily as an antiprotozoal and antibacterial agent. It is a prodrug that hydrolyzes in the body to release metronidazole, making it more palatable for pediatric and geriatric oral suspensions. It complies with the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) standards for purity and efficacy.
Metronidazole BP
Primary Uses
- Antiprotozoal Therapy
- Treatment of amoebiasis (intestinal and hepatic).
- Management of giardiasis (Giardia lamblia infections).
- Used in trichomoniasis (vaginal and urethral infections).
- Antibacterial Therapy
- Active against anaerobic bacteria (e.g., Bacteroides, Clostridium).
- Used in bacterial vaginosis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
- Prophylaxis in colorectal and gynecological surgeries.
- Helicobacter pylori Eradication
- Part of triple/quadruple therapy for peptic ulcers.
Secondary Uses
- Veterinary Medicine
- Treatment of anaerobic infections in dogs and cats.
- Used in fish farming to control protozoan parasites.
- Dermatology
- Topical formulations for rosacea and acneiform eruptions.
- Dental Infections
- Adjunct therapy for acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG).
1. Basic Identification Attributes
- Chemical Name (IUPAC): 2-Methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol benzoate
- Common/Trade Name: Metronidazole Benzoate BP
- CAS Number: 13182-89-3
- HS Code: 2933.29.90 (Other heterocyclic compounds)
- Synonyms: Metronidazole benzoate ester; Flagyl benzoate
2. Physical & Chemical Properties
- Physical State: White to pale yellow crystalline powder
- Color & Odor: Odorless or faint characteristic odor
- Melting Point: ~98–102°C
- Solubility:
- Slightly soluble in water
- Freely soluble in methanol, ethanol, chloroform
- pH: Neutral (~6.0–7.5 in suspension)
3. Safety & Hazard Attributes
- GHS Classification:
- H302 (Harmful if swallowed)
- H315 (Causes skin irritation)
- H319 (Causes serious eye irritation)
- H335 (May cause respiratory irritation)
- Toxicity: Low acute toxicity; avoid prolonged exposure
- Exposure Limits: No specific OEL; handle as pharmaceutical powder
4. Storage & Handling Attributes
- Storage Conditions:
- Store in tightly sealed containers at ≤25°C.
- Protect from light and moisture.
- Container Type: Amber glass or HDPE containers.
- Shelf Life: Typically 24–36 months if stored properly.
- Handling Precautions:
- Use gloves, mask, and goggles.
- Avoid dust formation.
5. Regulatory & Compliance Attributes
- Complies with:
- British Pharmacopoeia (BP) standards.
- USP/NF (if applicable for formulations).
- ICH Q7 (GMP for APIs).
- Regulatory Status:
- Prescription-only drug in most countries.
6. Environmental & Health Impact
- Biodegradability: Readily biodegradable.
- Ecotoxicity: Low risk; no significant bioaccumulation.
- Carcinogenicity/Mutagenicity:
- Not classified (metronidazole is a possible carcinogen with chronic exposure).
Safety Handling Precautions
- PPE Required:
- Nitrile gloves, dust mask, lab coat, safety goggles.
- Handling Guidelines:
- Use in well-ventilated areas.
- Avoid contact with skin/eyes.
- Storage Measures:
- Keep away from strong oxidizers.
First Aid Measures
- Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical help if irritation persists.
- Skin Contact: Wash with soap and water; remove contaminated clothing.
- Eye Contact: Rinse with water for 15 mins; consult ophthalmologist.
- Ingestion: Rinse mouth; do NOT induce vomiting; seek medical attention.
Firefighting Measures
- Fire Hazards: Non-flammable but may decompose at high temperatures.
- Extinguishing Media: Use water spray, CO₂, or dry chemical.
- Hazardous Combustion Products: Nitrogen oxides (NOx), CO, CO₂.
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Diloxanide Furoate
Diloxanide Furoate is an orally administered antiprotozoal agent used primarily for the treatment of amoebiasis. It is a furan-based derivative that acts as a luminal amoebicide, effectively targeting Entamoeba histolytica cysts and trophozoites within the intestinal lumen. This compound is well-regarded for its efficacy in eradicating asymptomatic cyst carriers and as a follow-up treatment after systemic amoebicidal therapy. Diloxanide Furoate has good oral bioavailability and a favorable safety profile.
Diphenhydramine HCL BP
Diphenhydramine HCL BP is a first-generation antihistamine with potent anticholinergic, sedative, and antiemetic properties. It is commonly used to relieve symptoms associated with allergies, hay fever, the common cold, and motion sickness. Diphenhydramine HCL is a white crystalline powder, highly soluble in water, making it suitable for oral, topical, and injectable pharmaceutical formulations. Due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, it causes sedation and is often used as a sleep aid and for managing Parkinson’s disease symptoms.
Gentamycin Sulphate
Gentamycin Sulphate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from Micromonospora purpurea and Micromonospora griseorubida. It appears as a white or off-white crystalline powder, highly soluble in water, with a characteristic aminoglycoside odor. Gentamycin Sulphate is widely used in human and veterinary medicine for its broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against aerobic Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria. It works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis through binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, leading to bacterial cell death. Due to its effectiveness against severe infections and multi-drug resistant strains, it is an essential antibiotic in clinical settings.
Guaiphenesin BP
Guaiphenesin BP is a white crystalline powder or granules with a faint characteristic odor, classified as an expectorant used primarily in pharmaceutical formulations to relieve chest congestion. It works by loosening and thinning mucus in the airways, making it easier to cough up and clear from the respiratory tract. It is widely utilized in cough syrups, tablets, and cold remedies. Recognized for its mucolytic and muscle-relaxant properties, Guaiphenesin is included in both prescription and over-the-counter medications worldwide.
Hydrocortisone Acetate
Hydrocortisone Acetate is a synthetic corticosteroid ester derived from hydrocortisone (cortisol). It is a white to off-white crystalline powder, practically insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and acetone. This compound exhibits potent anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and anti-allergic properties, making it widely used in pharmaceutical and dermatological formulations. Hydrocortisone Acetate acts by modulating gene expression to reduce the production of inflammatory mediators, thereby alleviating symptoms in various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.
Norfloxacin
Norfloxacin is a synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic used primarily to treat bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes essential for DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination, leading to bacterial cell death. Norfloxacin is effective against various Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria and is commonly used in urinary tract infections, prostatitis, and gastroenteritis.
Piperazine Citrate BP
Piperazine Citrate BP is a pharmaceutical-grade anthelmintic compound used primarily for the treatment of intestinal worm infections, especially ascariasis (roundworms) and enterobiasis (pinworms). It works by paralyzing the worms, allowing them to be expelled naturally from the body through bowel movements. Piperazine Citrate is included in the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) and is known for its safety, efficacy, and wide use in both human and veterinary medicine.
