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Ammonium Bicarbonate

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Ammonium bicarbonate is a white crystalline powder or granules with a slightly alkaline taste and a characteristic ammoniacal odor. It is a white solid that decomposes readily on heating, releasing ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. It is widely used in the food industry as a leavening agent, in chemical synthesis, and in various industrial applications. Its unique property of decomposing to release gases makes it valuable for baking and other processes where gas release is desired.

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Categories: Leavening Agents, pH Adjusters Tags: Agriculture Fertilizer, Ammonium bicarbonate, Baking ammonia, Baking ingredient, Pharmaceutical excipient

Description

Table of Contents

Ammonium Bicarbonate

Primary Uses

Food Industry – Leavening Agent

Commonly used as a leavening agent in baked goods such as cookies, crackers, and flatbreads where it helps produce a light, porous texture by releasing CO₂ gas upon heating.
Preferred in recipes that require a quick release of gas without leaving residue, especially in traditional and artisanal baking.
Used in some bakery products as an alternative to baking powder or baking soda.
Approved as a food additive (E503ii) in many countries.

Chemical Industry – Reagent & Intermediate

Utilized as a mild alkaline reagent in chemical synthesis and analytical chemistry.
Acts as a source of ammonia and carbon dioxide in chemical reactions.
Employed in the production of pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, and dyes.

Pharmaceuticals

Used as a component in some effervescent powders and preparations, where the gas release aids dissolution and absorption.
May act as a mild antacid in certain formulations.

Secondary Uses

Agriculture

Occasionally used as a nitrogen fertilizer or soil amendment, providing ammonium ions and helping adjust soil pH.
Less commonly applied compared to ammonium sulfate or nitrate.

Fire Extinguishing

Used in some dry chemical fire extinguishers as a chemical that decomposes to release non-flammable gases.

Laboratory Uses

Employed in analytical chemistry as a buffering agent or source of ammonium ions.
Used in preparing volatile buffers for mass spectrometry and chromatography.

Miscellaneous Uses

Used in leather tanning processes.
Applied in the production of some ceramics and glass as a foaming agent.

KEY PRODUCT FEATURES

1. Basic Identification Attributes

Chemical Name (IUPAC): Ammonium bicarbonate
Common/Trade Names: Ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate
CAS Number: 1066-33-7
HS Code: 2836.20.00
Molecular Formula: NH4HCO3
Synonyms: Ammonium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium acid carbonate

2. Physical & Chemical Properties

Physical State: White crystalline powder or granules
Color & Odor: White, odor of ammonia when decomposing
Melting Point: Decomposes at ~36–60°C (not a true melting point)
Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling
Density: ~1.6 g/cm³
Solubility: Highly soluble in water (~3.7 g/mL at 20°C), decomposes in hot water
pH Level: Slightly alkaline (~8–9 in aqueous solution)
Vapor Pressure: Low, but releases ammonia and CO₂ upon decomposition
Flash Point: Non-flammable
Stability: Unstable when heated or in moist environments

3. Safety & Hazard Attributes

Hazard Class (GHS): Generally low hazard, but ammonia release can cause irritation
NFPA Ratings: Health 2 (moderate hazard), Flammability 0, Reactivity 1 (unstable)
Exposure Limits: No specific OSHA PEL, ammonia vapors exposure limits apply
Reactivity: Decomposes readily on heating or in moist air
Incompatible Materials: Strong acids, strong bases, oxidizing agents, moisture

4. Storage & Handling Attributes

Storage Conditions: Store in a cool, dry place in airtight containers to prevent decomposition
Container Type: Plastic or glass containers, tightly sealed
Shelf Life: Typically 1–2 years if stored properly in dry conditions
Special Handling: Avoid moisture and heat; handle in well-ventilated areas to avoid ammonia vapor buildup

5. Regulatory & Compliance Attributes

Regulatory Status: Approved food additive (E503ii) in many regions
Transportation: Not classified as hazardous but requires careful packaging to avoid moisture exposure
Waste Disposal: Dispose according to local regulations; non-hazardous but avoid environmental contamination

6. Environmental & Health Impact

Ecotoxicity: Low aquatic toxicity, but ammonia release can be harmful in large quantities
Persistence: Decomposes readily in the environment
Carcinogenicity: Not classified as carcinogenic
Biodegradability: Biodegradable and breaks down into natural components

SAFETY HANDLING PRECAUTIONS

Safety Handling Precautions

PPE: Wear gloves, safety goggles, and dust masks when handling the powder.
Handling: Avoid inhalation of dust and ammonia vapors. Work in well-ventilated areas.
Storage: Keep containers sealed and dry to prevent decomposition and ammonia release.
Hygiene: Wash hands after use; avoid eating, drinking, or smoking during handling.

First Aid Measures

Inhalation: Move affected person to fresh air immediately. If ammonia vapors cause irritation or breathing difficulty, seek medical attention.
Skin Contact: Wash skin with soap and water. Seek medical advice if irritation develops.
Eye Contact: Rinse eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical care if irritation persists.
Ingestion: Rinse mouth and drink plenty of water. Seek medical attention if large amounts are ingested.

Firefighting Measures

Fire Hazards: Non-flammable but decomposes on heating releasing ammonia and carbon dioxide gases, which can be irritating.
Extinguishing Media: Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or CO₂ for surrounding fires.
Special Precautions: Firefighters should use self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) due to ammonia vapors.