Fragrances and essential oils are key aromatic ingredients that enhance the sensory appeal of cosmetics and personal care products. Synthetic fragrances offer consistent, long-lasting scents, while essential oils (like lavender, tea tree, or citrus extracts) provide natural fragrance along with potential therapeutic benefits.Brands are now prioritizing transparent labeling and clean fragrance alternatives to cater to sensitive skin and eco-conscious consumers.
Almond Wax
Almond Wax is a plant-based wax derived from almond oil, typically used in cosmetics and skincare products. It is known for its emollient (moisturizing) properties, helping to soften and smooth the skin. Almond wax is rich in fatty acids and vitamin E, making it suitable for sensitive or dry skin. It is often used as a natural alternative to synthetic waxes in formulations like lip balms, creams, and lotions. Additionally, it provides a smooth texture and helps to stabilize emulsions in skincare products.
Aloe Vera Fragrance Oil
Aloe Vera Fragrance Oil is a synthetic fragrance blend that captures the fresh, clean, and soothing aroma of natural aloe vera. It is widely used to enhance the sensory appeal of cosmetic, personal care, and household products. The oil is concentrated, stable, and compatible with various formulations such as lotions, creams, soaps, and air fresheners, providing a calming and revitalizing fragrance experience.
Aloe Vera Fragrance Water Soluble
Aloe Vera Fragrance Water Soluble is a gentle, refreshing aromatic compound designed to replicate the clean, green scent of aloe vera while offering excellent solubility in water-based formulations. It is ideal for use in cosmetic, personal care, household, and industrial applications where a subtle, calming, and naturally-inspired fragrance is desired. This fragrance oil is specifically formulated to maintain clarity and uniformity in water-based systems, ensuring a consistent scent release and superior performance in both rinse-off and leave-on products.
Aloe Vera Oil
Aloe Vera Oil is an oil-based extract derived by infusing Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) leaves into a carrier oil such as coconut, soybean, or sunflower oil. It captures the beneficial compounds of aloe—including polysaccharides, vitamins, enzymes, and amino acids—in an oil-soluble form ideal for cosmetic, therapeutic, and personal care applications. Known for its soothing, anti-inflammatory, and moisturizing properties, Aloe Vera Oil is widely used in skin and hair care formulations.
This gentle, skin-friendly oil is suitable for sensitive skin and is commonly employed in after-sun products, healing ointments, massage oils, and anti-aging creams. It provides hydration, calms irritation, and promotes skin regeneration while adding emollient and conditioning benefits.
Amla Oil
Amla Oil, also known as Indian Gooseberry Oil, is a natural oil derived from the fruit of the Phyllanthus emblica tree, either through infusion of dried amla fruits in a carrier oil (like coconut or sesame) or via cold pressing. Rich in vitamin C, tannins, flavonoids, and essential fatty acids, amla oil is renowned for its rejuvenating and nourishing properties. It is widely used in hair care formulations to promote hair growth, strengthen follicles, and reduce hair fall and premature greying. Amla oil is also applied topically to skin for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and moisturizing benefits. With a slightly earthy aroma and light to medium viscosity, it blends easily with other cosmetic ingredients and essential oils.
It is a staple in Ayurvedic formulations and finds use in both personal care and traditional wellness products. Its versatility also extends to massage blends and herbal preparations in the cosmetic and nutraceutical sectors.
Aniseed Oil
Aniseed Oil is a natural essential oil extracted through steam distillation from the dried seeds of the anise plant (Pimpinella anisum). It is rich in anethole, which imparts a sweet, licorice-like aroma and taste. This oil is widely used in flavoring, perfumery, aromatherapy, and traditional medicine. Aniseed Oil possesses antimicrobial, antifungal, and carminative properties, making it valuable in both personal care and pharmaceutical applications. It blends well with other essential oils like fennel, clove, and cinnamon, and is commonly incorporated into oral care products, cough syrups, and digestive tonics.
Its highly concentrated aromatic profile and volatility make it effective even at low usage rates. With both functional and aromatic benefits, Aniseed Oil remains a versatile and in-demand natural extract across various industries.
Apple Strawberry Fragrance Oil
Apple Strawberry Fragrance Oil is a concentrated synthetic fragrance blend that combines the fresh, sweet aroma of ripe apples with the juicy, vibrant scent of strawberries. This fragrance oil is designed for use in cosmetic, personal care, and household products, enhancing their sensory appeal. It offers excellent stability and compatibility with various formulations including lotions, soaps, candles, and air fresheners, providing a refreshing and fruity fragrance experience.
Areal Fragrance Oil
 Areal Fragrance Oil is a premium synthetic fragrance blend designed to replicate the crisp, clean scent of fresh linen with subtle floral and breezy undertones. This fragrance oil is widely used across personal care and home fragrance applications due to its light, refreshing profile and excellent stability in both water- and oil-based systems. Its long-lasting scent makes it ideal for formulating products that evoke cleanliness, freshness, and comfort. Areal Fragrance Oil is compatible with various product bases and performs well under high-temperature processing conditions.
Avocado Fragrance Oil
 Avocado Fragrance Oil is a rich, creamy scent that mimics the fresh, buttery aroma of ripe avocados. This oil-soluble fragrance delivers a smooth, natural green note with subtle hints of nutty and fruity undertones, making it ideal for a variety of personal care and cosmetic products. Its excellent stability and moderate intensity ensure long-lasting fragrance performance in creams, lotions, soaps, and bath products. Avocado Fragrance Oil adds a fresh and comforting aroma that appeals to customers seeking natural and nourishing scent profiles.
Baby Johnson Fragrance Oil
Baby Johnson Fragrance Oil is a delicate, powdery fragrance blend designed to replicate the soothing and familiar scent associated with traditional baby care products. It features soft floral, musk, and aldehydic notes that evoke a sense of cleanliness and comfort. This fragrance oil is highly stable in a wide range of formulations and offers excellent scent retention, making it ideal for personal care, household, and industrial fragrance applications. Its gentle scent profile is especially favored in products targeting sensitive users and infant care segments.
Baby Range Oil Fragrance
Baby Range Oil Fragrance is a soothing, hypoallergenic fragrance blend crafted to reflect the gentle and nurturing scent associated with infant and baby care products. With soft powdery, floral, and musky undertones, it creates a comforting aroma ideal for sensitive-use products. This fragrance oil offers excellent thermal and chemical stability and blends seamlessly into oil- and alcohol-based systems. It is widely used in cosmetic, household, and industrial applications that require a soft, long-lasting, and skin-friendly scent profile.
Black Cumin Seed Oil
Black Cumin Seed Oil, also known as Nigella Sativa Oil or Black Seed Oil, is a cold-pressed oil extracted from the seeds of the Nigella sativa plant. Revered for centuries in traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and Unani, this oil is packed with thymoquinone, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and antioxidants that contribute to its potent anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immune-boosting properties.
It is widely used in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical formulations. Black Cumin Seed Oil supports skin healing, helps reduce acne and inflammation, and can nourish scalp and hair follicles. Internally, it is known to promote digestive health, respiratory wellness, and immune system support. The oil has a slightly bitter, pungent aroma and golden to dark amber color. It is available in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food grades for varied applications.
Blackcurrant and Vanilla Fragrance Water Soluble
Blackcurrant and Vanilla Fragrance Water Soluble is a sophisticated aromatic blend that combines the tart, fruity notes of ripe blackcurrant with the creamy sweetness of vanilla. Designed specifically for water-based formulations, this fragrance ensures excellent solubility and stability without separation or cloudiness. It offers a well-balanced, long-lasting scent ideal for personal care products, household cleaners, and specialty formulations. Its dual character of freshness and warmth adds sensory richness to products while maintaining clarity and performance.
Blue Berry Fragrance Oil
Blue Berry Fragrance Oil is a richly aromatic, sweet, and juicy scent capturing the natural essence of fresh blueberries. This oil-soluble fragrance is designed to bring a vibrant, fruity, and slightly tart aroma to a variety of personal care, cosmetic, and specialty products. It offers excellent stability and diffusion in formulations such as lotions, candles, soaps, and bath products, enhancing them with a fresh and lively blueberry scent that evokes a sense of freshness and vitality.
Bubble Gum Fragrance Oil
Bubble Gum Fragrance Oil is a high-quality aromatic oil designed to impart the classic sweet, fruity, and nostalgic scent of bubble gum. This fragrance oil is widely used in a variety of personal care and household products to provide a fun and playful aroma. It is carefully formulated for stability and long-lasting scent performance, making it ideal for use in soaps, candles, air fresheners, and cosmetic formulations.
Camphor White Oil
Camphor White Oil is a steam-distilled essential oil obtained from the wood of the Camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora), primarily from the white fraction, which is rich in 1,8-cineole, camphor, and linalool. This fraction is the most commonly used in aromatherapy and topical preparations due to its potent but relatively balanced composition compared to brown or yellow fractions. The oil has a sharp, penetrating aroma with a cooling, medicinal character.
Traditionally used in topical pain relief, respiratory care, and soothing balms, Camphor White Oil is known for its anti-inflammatory, decongestant, antiseptic, and stimulating effects. It is widely used in cosmetics, personal care, pharmaceuticals, and aromatherapy formulations.
Candy Crush Fragrance Oil
Candy Crush Fragrance Oil is a sweet, gourmand fragrance that captures the irresistible aroma of sugary candy with hints of fruitiness and vanilla undertones. This oil-soluble fragrance is crafted to provide a warm, inviting scent that enhances various personal care and cosmetic products. Known for its excellent stability and strong sillage, Candu Crush is ideal for use in products where a rich, sweet aroma is desired, such as candles, lotions, soaps, and bath essentials.
Carnation Fragrance Oil
Carnation Fragrance Oil is a premium-quality aromatic oil that captures the delicate, sweet, and floral scent of fresh carnation blossoms. Renowned for its rich, rosy fragrance with subtle spicy undertones, this fragrance oil is ideal for use in perfumes, personal care products, and home fragrances. Its excellent solubility and long-lasting aroma make it a preferred choice for creating elegant and refreshing scent profiles in a variety of applications.
Carnation Fragrance Water Soluble
Carnation Fragrance Water Soluble is a delicately formulated aromatic blend that captures the spicy-floral essence of carnation petals in a water-compatible form. This fragrance is designed to dissolve completely in water-based systems without clouding or separation, making it ideal for use in a variety of personal care, household, and specialty applications. Its classic floral character imparts a soft, comforting scent, perfect for enhancing the sensory appeal of creams, sprays, cleansers, and other aqueous formulations. Known for its elegance and freshness, Carnation Fragrance adds a timeless aroma profile to any product.
Citronella Extra Pure
Citronella Extra Pure is a laboratory-grade essential oil distilled primarily from Cymbopogon species, known for its strong, lemon-like aroma and high content of citronellal, geraniol, and citronellol. In lab settings, it is used in analytical chemistry, fragrance analysis, natural product research, and biological assays due to its volatile organic profile. The extra pure grade ensures the oil is free from synthetic additives and contaminants, offering consistent performance in both qualitative and quantitative studies. It also serves as a reference standard in olfactory testing and is handled with care due to its high volatility and sensitivity to light and air.
Citrus Fragrance Oil
Citrus Fragrance Oil is a vibrant and refreshing oil-soluble scent blend that captures the bright, zesty aroma of various citrus fruits like lemon, orange, and grapefruit. Known for its uplifting and energizing characteristics, this fragrance oil is widely used in personal care and household products to impart a clean, fresh scent. It offers excellent stability and longevity, making it suitable for a wide range of applications, from skincare to cleaning formulations. Citrus Fragrance Oil adds a crisp, invigorating note that enhances product appeal and consumer satisfaction.
Citrus Fragrance Water Soluble
Citrus Fragrance Water Soluble is a bright, zesty aromatic blend capturing the invigorating notes of citrus fruits such as lemon, orange, lime, and grapefruit. Specially formulated for full solubility in water-based systems, it delivers a clean, crisp scent with excellent clarity and long-lasting freshness. This fragrance is ideal for personal care, cleaning, and specialty product formulations requiring a refreshing and uplifting aroma. It blends well in clear aqueous formulations without separation, making it a reliable choice for modern, scent-forward applications.
Cocoa Butter Fragrance Oil
Cocoa Butter Fragrance Oil is a high-quality fragrance concentrate that captures the rich, creamy, and comforting aroma of natural cocoa butter. This oil is widely used in cosmetic, personal care, and fragrance formulations to impart a warm, sweet, and chocolatey scent reminiscent of fresh cocoa butter. It blends well with other fragrance components and is valued for its stability and long-lasting aroma, making it ideal for use in lotions, creams, soaps, candles, and other scented products.
Coconut Fragrance Water Soluble
Coconut Fragrance Water Soluble is a tropical, creamy-sweet scent formulated to blend seamlessly into water-based applications without clouding or separation. Capturing the smooth and comforting aroma of fresh coconut, this fragrance is ideal for personal care, household, and specialty products where a soft and exotic tropical scent is desired. It offers excellent stability in aqueous systems, ensuring long-lasting fragrance performance in everything from mists and cleansers to air fresheners and fabric care products.
Coconut Oil Refined
Coconut Oil Refined is a purified oil extracted from dried coconut meat (copra) that undergoes refining, bleaching, and deodorizing (RBD) to remove impurities, odor, and flavor. The resulting oil is clear, colorless to pale yellow, with a neutral scent and a high smoke point, making it suitable for diverse applications. It is rich in medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) that offer moisturizing, antimicrobial, and emollient properties. Refined Coconut Oil is widely used in cosmetic formulations, pharmaceutical excipients, food products, and cleaning agents for its versatility, stability, and skin-friendly characteristics.
Dettol Type Fragrance Oil
Dettol Type Fragrance Oil is a fresh, clean, and antiseptic-scented oil formulated to replicate the distinctive aroma of Dettol disinfectant. It offers a sharp, medicinal fragrance with herbal and citrus undertones, providing a sense of cleanliness and hygiene. This oil-soluble fragrance is widely used in household cleaning, disinfectant products, and personal care formulations that require a trusted and recognizable sanitizing scent. Its excellent stability and strong scent profile make it ideal for various industrial and commercial applications.
Dill Seed Oil
Dill Seed Oil is an essential oil derived through steam distillation of the dried seeds of the Anethum graveolens plant. Compared to dill herb oil, this variant carries a stronger, spicier, and more pungent aroma with prominent caraway-like notes due to its high carvone content. It is traditionally valued for its digestive, carminative, antispasmodic, and antimicrobial properties.
Dill Seed Oil finds wide application across the pharmaceutical, food and beverage, cosmetic, and aromatherapy sectors. It is also used in perfumery, oral care, pet care, and household cleaning products for its aromatic and therapeutic qualities.
Eucalyptus Oil
Eucalyptus Oil is an essential oil extracted by steam distillation from the leaves of the Eucalyptus globulus tree. Known for its fresh, camphoraceous, and invigorating aroma, this oil is rich in cineole (eucalyptol), which imparts powerful antiseptic, decongestant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Widely used in pharmaceuticals, personal care, and cleaning products, eucalyptus oil supports respiratory health, acts as a natural insect repellent, and serves as a refreshing fragrance ingredient in aromatherapy and household applications. Its antimicrobial activity makes it valuable in topical formulations and natural disinfectants.
Fruit Punch Fragrance Oil
Fruit Punch Fragrance Oil is a vibrant and sweetly refreshing aroma blend designed to evoke the lively, juicy essence of a classic fruit punch drink. Combining notes of citrus, berries, and tropical fruits, it delivers a bright, cheerful scent that uplifts and energizes. This oil-soluble fragrance is ideal for use in personal care products, household cleaners, air fresheners, and various industrial applications that require a fruity and inviting aroma. Known for its excellent stability and strong scent throw, Fruit Punch Fragrance Oil enhances products with a rich and long-lasting fruity fragrance.
FS1006 Fragrance Water Soluble
FS1006 Fragrance Water Soluble is a high-quality, versatile fragrance designed for easy incorporation into aqueous systems. This fragrance offers a fresh and balanced aroma profile that blends seamlessly in water-based formulations, providing consistent and long-lasting scent performance. Ideal for use in personal care, household cleaning, and industrial products, FS1006 enhances the sensory experience without compromising product stability. Its water solubility makes it perfect for applications requiring clear and uniform fragrance distribution.
Garlic Oil
Garlic Oil is a potent essential oil extracted from the bulbs of the Allium sativum plant, primarily through steam distillation or solvent extraction. Known for its strong, pungent aroma and rich sulfur-containing compounds such as allicin, diallyl disulfide, and ajoene, Garlic Oil is widely recognized for its antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant properties. Traditionally used in herbal medicine, it has applications in pharmaceuticals, natural personal care products, food flavoring, and agricultural pest management. Its therapeutic properties also make it a valuable ingredient in formulations aimed at cardiovascular health and immune system support.
Ginger Oil
Ginger Oil is an essential oil extracted from the rhizomes of the Zingiber officinale plant, primarily through steam distillation. Known for its warm, spicy, and invigorating aroma, Ginger Oil contains bioactive compounds such as gingerol, zingiberene, and beta-bisabolene, which contribute to its therapeutic properties. Traditionally valued in Ayurveda and traditional medicine for digestive, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic benefits, Ginger Oil is widely used today in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, flavoring, and aromatherapy. Its stimulating nature makes it effective for promoting circulation, relieving muscle pain, and enhancing mood.
Grape Seed Oil
Grape Seed Oil is a light, pale-yellow oil extracted from the seeds of grapes (Vitis vinifera), typically obtained through cold pressing or solvent extraction. Renowned for its high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid, as well as antioxidants like vitamin E and phenolic compounds, Grape Seed Oil is prized for its nourishing, moisturizing, and anti-inflammatory properties. Widely used in cosmetics, skincare, pharmaceutical formulations, and culinary applications, it is valued for its non-greasy texture and rapid absorption. Grape Seed Oil supports skin elasticity, helps repair damaged skin, and provides a protective barrier against environmental stressors.
Green Apple Fragrance Water Soluble
Green Apple Fragrance Water Soluble is a fresh and vibrant fragrance designed to dissolve easily in water-based formulations. Capturing the crisp and tangy aroma of ripe green apples, this fragrance oil is ideal for applications requiring quick dispersion in aqueous systems. It is commonly used in personal care, household, and cleaning products to deliver a natural and invigorating scent profile. Known for its stability and long-lasting aroma, Green Apple Fragrance Water Soluble enhances products with a clean, fruity freshness that appeals broadly.
Green Apple Frangrance Oil
Green Apple Frangrance Oil is a crisp, fresh, and invigorating aroma that perfectly captures the tangy sweetness of ripe green apples. This oil-soluble fragrance delivers a bright and clean scent profile, making it a popular choice in personal care, household, and industrial fragrance applications. Known for its excellent scent stability and long-lasting performance, Green Apple Fragrance Oil enhances products with a natural, fruity freshness that appeals to a wide range of consumers.
Honey Fragrance Oil
 Honey Fragrance Oil is a richly aromatic oil designed to replicate the warm, sweet, and inviting scent of natural honey. This high-quality fragrance oil is widely used in personal care, cosmetic formulations, and household products to impart a comforting honey aroma. It blends seamlessly with other fragrance components and offers excellent scent longevity and stability. Manufactured with premium ingredients and adhering to industry standards, Honey Fragrance Oil is ideal for candles, soaps, lotions, perfumes, and air fresheners, providing a natural and pleasant honey fragrance experience.
Hydrogenated Castor Oil
Hydrogenated Castor Oil, also known as castor wax, is a hard, brittle, and high-melting-point wax derived by the hydrogenation of pure castor oil. This white to off-white, odorless substance is non-toxic and insoluble in water but dispersible in surfactant systems. Its primary component is hydrogenated ricinoleic acid triglyceride, and it is prized for its excellent lubricating, emulsifying, thickening, and consistency-enhancing properties.
Due to its stability, non-reactivity, and film-forming capability, Hydrogenated Castor Oil is widely used in cosmetics, personal care, pharmaceuticals, industrial lubricants, coatings, plastics, and more. It improves product texture, enhances emulsion stability, and provides moisture retention in skincare applications.
Jasmine Fragrance Oil
 Jasmine Fragrance Oil is a luxurious, sweet, and floral aromatic oil capturing the delicate essence of fresh jasmine blossoms. This high-quality fragrance oil is widely used in personal care, cosmetics, and home fragrance products to impart a soothing and exotic floral scent. Known for its rich and long-lasting aroma, it blends seamlessly with other fragrance components to create complex and appealing scent profiles. Ideal for perfumes, body lotions, soaps, candles, and diffusers, Jasmine Fragrance Oil enhances sensory experiences with its classic, elegant floral note.
Jasmine Fragrance Water Soluble
Jasmine Fragrance Water Soluble is a premium aromatic solution designed to deliver the classic, sweet floral scent of jasmine in a water-compatible form. This formulation allows easy incorporation into aqueous-based products such as detergents, body washes, shampoos, and air fresheners without the need for solvents or emulsifiers. It offers a clean, long-lasting jasmine aroma that enhances the sensory appeal of personal care and household products. The water-soluble nature ensures uniform dispersion, excellent stability, and consistent fragrance release in various applications.
Jojoba Fragrance Oil
Jojoba Fragrance Oil is a smooth, warm, and slightly nutty aromatic oil inspired by the natural scent of jojoba. Known for its gentle and soothing fragrance, it is widely used in cosmetic and personal care products to impart a clean, spa-like aroma. This fragrance oil blends well with floral, woody, and herbal notes, making it a versatile component in perfume formulations, lotions, soaps, and hair care products. It is also suitable for use in scented candles and home fragrance items due to its soft, natural character and excellent stability in various applications.
Jojoba Oil
Jojoba Oil is a golden-yellow liquid wax extracted from the seeds of the jojoba plant (Simmondsia chinensis). Unlike typical vegetable oils, it is actually a liquid wax ester, closely resembling the natural oils (sebum) produced by human skin. This unique composition gives jojoba oil excellent moisturizing, conditioning, and balancing properties without clogging pores. It is highly stable, resistant to rancidity, and rich in antioxidants, vitamins E and B complex, and minerals. Widely used in cosmetics, personal care, and pharmaceutical products, jojoba oil supports skin hydration, protects against environmental damage, and promotes healthy hair.
Lavender Fragrance Oil
Lavender Fragrance Oil is a soothing, floral aromatic blend designed to replicate the calming scent of true lavender. Known for its relaxing and therapeutic character, this fragrance oil is widely used across cosmetic, personal care, and household products. It blends well with both herbal and citrus notes and is ideal for formulating perfumes, lotions, soaps, and candles. Lavender fragrance oil offers excellent stability and scent retention, making it suitable for various industrial and commercial applications where a clean, floral scent is desired.
Lemon Fragrance Oil
Lemon Fragrance Oil is a bright, citrusy aromatic oil crafted to replicate the fresh and zesty scent of natural lemon peel. It is widely appreciated for its clean, uplifting character and is commonly used in personal care products, household cleaners, and air fresheners. Due to its vibrant and energizing aroma, lemon fragrance oil is ideal for a wide range of applications where a refreshing, citrus profile is desired. Its strong scent retention, compatibility with various bases, and excellent blending qualities make it a staple in fragrance and formulation industries.
Lemongrass Oil
Lemongrass Oil is a pale yellow to amber essential oil extracted primarily through steam distillation from the leaves and stalks of the Cymbopogon citratus or Cymbopogon flexuosus plants. Renowned for its fresh, citrusy, lemon-like aroma with subtle grassy undertones, this oil contains high levels of citral and limonene, compounds known for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and insect-repellent properties. Widely utilized in aromatherapy, personal care, pharmaceuticals, and natural cleaning products, lemongrass oil offers both fragrance and functional benefits. It is valued for its ability to invigorate the senses, reduce stress, and support skin health.
Macadamia Nut Oil
Macadamia Nut Oil is a rich, golden, cold-pressed oil extracted from the nuts of the Macadamia integrifolia tree. Known for its high content of monounsaturated fatty acids—particularly oleic and palmitoleic acid—it closely resembles the natural oils found in human skin. It is lightweight, non-greasy, and easily absorbed, making it ideal for cosmetic, personal care, and culinary applications.
Highly emollient and nourishing, Macadamia Nut Oil is used in skincare, haircare, massage blends, and anti-aging formulations. Its oxidative stability also makes it suitable for use in food products, including cooking oils and dressings. It provides deep moisturization, improves skin elasticity, and protects against environmental stressors.