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Nitric Acid

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Nitric Acid is a concentrated aqueous solution of nitric acid (HNO₃) commonly used as a strong oxidizing acid in numerous industrial, laboratory, and manufacturing processes. It is a highly corrosive, colorless to yellowish liquid with a pungent odor. Nitric Acid 68% is fundamental in the production of fertilizers, explosives, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. It is also widely used in metal treatment, etching, and cleaning applications due to its powerful oxidizing and nitrating properties.

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Categories: Oxidizing Agents, pH Modifiers Tags: Concentrated Nitric Acid, HNO3 68%, Industrial Acid, Mining & Metal Processing, Nitric Acid 68%

Description

Table of Contents

Nitric Acid

Primary Uses

Fertilizer Production
- Used in the manufacture of ammonium nitrate fertilizers, a key nutrient source in agriculture.
Explosives Manufacturing
- Essential in producing nitroglycerin, trinitrotoluene (TNT), and other nitrate explosives.
Chemical Synthesis
- Used as a nitrating agent in the synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and organic chemicals.
Metal Treatment & Etching
- Employed for pickling stainless steel and other metals to remove oxides and prepare surfaces.
- Used in electroplating and metal refining processes.
Laboratory Reagent
- Commonly used in analytical chemistry for sample digestion and preparation.

Secondary Uses

Wastewater Treatment
- Used to neutralize alkaline wastes and assist in chemical treatment processes.
Cleaning Agent
- Employed in specialized cleaning applications to remove mineral deposits and rust.
Rocket Propellant Manufacture
- Used as a component in liquid rocket propellants (in combination with other chemicals).
Textile Industry
- Utilized in dyeing and finishing processes to introduce nitro groups into textile chemicals.

KEY PRODUCT FEATURES

Key Attributes

Basic Identification Attributes

Chemical Name (IUPAC): Nitric acid
Common/Trade Name: Nitric Acid 68%
CAS Number: 7697-37-2
HS Code: 2808.00.00
Synonyms: Aqua fortis, spirit of nitre

Physical & Chemical Properties

Physical State: Liquid
Color & Odor: Colorless to pale yellow; sharp, acrid odor
Concentration: Typically 68% by weight
Density: Approx. 1.41 g/cm³
Boiling Point: ~120.5°C (at 68%)
Solubility: Miscible with water

Safety & Hazard Attributes

GHS Classification: Corrosive (Category 1), Oxidizing (Category 3), Acute toxicity (Category 3 inhalation)
Toxicity: Highly corrosive to skin, eyes, and respiratory tract
Exposure Limits: Strict occupational exposure limits apply (e.g., OSHA PEL 2 ppm)

Storage & Handling Attributes

Storage Conditions: Store in cool, well-ventilated, corrosion-resistant containers away from combustible materials and bases
Container Type: Typically supplied in acid-resistant plastic or glass-lined steel containers
Shelf Life: Stable if stored properly under recommended conditions
Handling Precautions: Use acid-resistant gloves, face shield, and protective clothing; handle under fume hood or in well-ventilated areas

Regulatory & Compliance Attributes

Complies with international standards for industrial nitric acid
Listed as a hazardous material under OSHA, REACH, and other regulations
Subject to strict transport and storage regulations due to corrosivity and oxidizing nature

Environmental & Health Impact

Biodegradability: Not biodegradable; neutralizes to nitrates in environment
Ecotoxicity: Highly toxic to aquatic life; avoid release into waterways
Bioaccumulation: Not expected to bioaccumulate
Carcinogenicity/Mutagenicity: Not classified as carcinogenic

SAFETY HANDLING PRECAUTIONS

Safety Handling Precautions

PPE Required: Acid-resistant gloves, eye protection, face shield, protective clothing, and respiratory protection if airborne exposure possible
Handling Guidelines: Use in well-ventilated areas; avoid skin, eye contact, and inhalation of vapors
Storage Measures: Keep containers tightly closed and segregated from incompatible substances

First Aid Measures

Inhalation: Move to fresh air immediately; seek urgent medical attention
Skin Contact: Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes; remove contaminated clothing; seek medical care
Eye Contact: Flush eyes with water continuously for at least 15 minutes; urgent medical attention required
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting; rinse mouth; seek emergency medical care immediately

Firefighting Measures

Fire Hazards: Non-flammable but reacts violently with many materials
Extinguishing Media: Use water spray, fog, or alcohol-resistant foam; avoid dry chemical on large spills
Special Precautions: Wear full protective gear and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
Hazardous Combustion Products: May release nitrogen oxides (NOx) and other toxic gases