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Bronopol
Bronopol (2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol) is a water-soluble, white crystalline powder or granules with a slight odor. It is a synthetic antimicrobial agent widely used as a preservative in personal care products, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and industrial applications. Bronopol exhibits broad-spectrum bactericidal and fungicidal activity, making it effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It works by releasing active formaldehyde slowly, which disrupts microbial metabolism and reproduction.
Bronopol
Primary Uses
- Personal Care & Cosmetics
- Used as a preservative in shampoos, conditioners, lotions, creams, and other cosmetic formulations to inhibit bacterial and fungal growth.
- Helps extend shelf life and maintain product integrity by preventing microbial contamination.
- Pharmaceuticals
- Employed as a preservative in topical pharmaceutical formulations such as ointments and eye drops.
- Industrial Applications
- Used as a biocide in paper mills, cooling water systems, and other industrial water treatment to control microbial growth and biofilm formation.
- Applied in leather tanning and textile processing to prevent microbial degradation.
Secondary Uses
- Household Products
- Incorporated in cleaning agents and detergents as a preservative and antimicrobial agent.
- Agriculture
- Occasionally used in seed treatment formulations to control fungal contamination.
1. Basic Identification Attributes
- Chemical Name (IUPAC): 2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol
- Common/Trade Name: Bronopol
- CAS Number: 52-51-7
- HS Code: 2924.99.90
- Molecular Formula: C3H6BrNO4
- Synonyms:
- Bronopol
- 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol
- BNPD
2. Physical & Chemical Properties
- Physical State: Crystalline powder or granules
- Color & Odor: White; slight characteristic odor
- Melting Point: 130–132°C (decomposes)
- Boiling Point: Not applicable (decomposes)
- Density: Approx. 1.8 g/cm³
- Solubility: Soluble in water; insoluble in most organic solvents
- pH: Slightly acidic to neutral in aqueous solution
- Stability: Stable under recommended storage; decomposes under alkaline conditions or heat
3. Safety & Hazard Attributes
- Hazard Class (GHS): Skin irritant; may cause serious eye irritation; harmful if swallowed
- NFPA Ratings:
- Health: 2
- Flammability: 1
- Reactivity: 1
- Exposure Limits: No specific OSHA limits; avoid inhalation and skin contact
- Toxicity: Moderate toxicity; can cause skin sensitization and allergic reactions in some individuals
- Reactivity: Reactive with strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents
4. Storage & Handling Attributes
- Storage Conditions: Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances
- Container Type: Sealed plastic or glass containers, corrosion-resistant
- Shelf Life: Typically 2–3 years if stored properly
- Special Handling: Avoid dust formation; use PPE; handle in well-ventilated areas
5. Regulatory & Compliance Attributes
- FDA Status: Approved for limited use in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals as a preservative
- REACH Registration: Registered under EU regulations
- Transportation: Not classified as hazardous for transport under normal conditions
- Waste Disposal: Dispose of as chemical waste in accordance with local regulations
6. Environmental & Health Impact
- Ecotoxicity: Moderately toxic to aquatic organisms; avoid release into waterways
- Persistence: Degrades slowly in the environment
- Bioaccumulation: Low potential for bioaccumulation
- Carcinogenicity/Mutagenicity: Not classified as carcinogenic; some concern for mutagenicity at high concentrations
- Biodegradability: Partial biodegradability under aerobic conditions
Safety Handling Precautions
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
- Gloves
- Protective goggles
- Dust mask or respirator if dust exposure is likely
- Protective clothing
Handling Measures:
- Avoid inhalation, ingestion, and skin or eye contact
- Use local exhaust ventilation to minimize dust
- Work in well-ventilated areas
Storage Measures:
- Keep containers tightly closed
- Protect from moisture, heat, and incompatible materials
Hygiene Practices:
- Wash hands thoroughly after handling
- Do not eat, drink, or smoke in work areas
First Aid Measures
- Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical attention if breathing difficulties occur
- Skin Contact: Wash immediately with soap and water; seek medical advice if irritation develops
- Eye Contact: Rinse cautiously with water for at least 15 minutes; seek immediate medical attention
- Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting; rinse mouth and seek medical attention immediately
Firefighting Measures
- Fire Hazards: Combustible; emits toxic gases on decomposition
- Extinguishing Media: Use water spray, foam, dry chemical, or CO₂ as appropriate
- Special Precautions: Firefighters should wear full protective gear and SCBA
- Decomposition Products: May produce bromine, nitrogen oxides, and other toxic fumes when heated
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