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Toluene
Toluene is a clear, colorless aromatic hydrocarbon solvent with a distinct sweet odor. It is widely used as an industrial solvent and chemical feedstock due to its excellent solvency, volatility, and chemical stability. Toluene plays a critical role in the production of paints, coatings, adhesives, rubber, and various chemicals. It is also used as a fuel additive and in the manufacture of explosives and pharmaceuticals. Its versatility makes it a cornerstone in multiple industrial sectors.
Primary Uses
Chemical Industry
Solvent: Used extensively as a solvent in paints, coatings, adhesives, inks, and cleaning agents.
Chemical Intermediate: Feedstock for producing benzene, benzoic acid, benzyl chloride, and other aromatic chemicals.
Production of Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI): Key raw material in polyurethane foam manufacture.
Manufacture of Explosives: Used in production of trinitrotoluene (TNT).
Paints and Coatings Industry
Thinner and Diluent: Facilitates application and drying of paints and varnishes.
Degreasing Agent: Used to clean surfaces before painting.
Rubber Industry
Rubber Solvent: Used to dissolve and process natural and synthetic rubber.
Adhesive Production: Key ingredient in rubber-based adhesives.
Secondary Uses
Fuel Industry
Octane Booster: Added to gasoline to improve combustion efficiency and reduce engine knocking.
Aviation Fuel Component: Used in jet fuels as a component to enhance performance.
Pharmaceutical Industry
Intermediate in Drug Synthesis: Used as a solvent or reagent in various pharmaceutical manufacturing processes.
Laboratory Use
Extraction Solvent: Employed in analytical and preparative chemistry for extraction and purification processes.
Printing Industry
Ink Solvent: Used in printing inks to improve flow and drying.
Adhesives and Sealants
Solvent Carrier: Enhances formulation and application of adhesives and sealants.
Basic Identification Attributes
Chemical Name (IUPAC): Methylbenzene
Common/Trade Name: Toluene
CAS Number: 108-88-3
HS Code: 2902.30.00
Synonyms: Methylbenzene, Phenylmethane
Physical & Chemical Properties
Physical State: Clear, colorless liquid
Color & Odor: Colorless; sweet, aromatic odor
Boiling Point: 110.6 °C
Melting Point: -95 °C
Density: 0.8669 g/cm³ at 20 °C
Flash Point: 4 °C (closed cup)
Solubility: Insoluble in water; miscible with organic solvents like alcohol, ether, acetone
Vapor Pressure: 28 mm Hg at 25 °C
Refractive Index: 1.496 at 20 °C
Safety & Hazard Attributes
GHS Classification:
Flammable liquid (Category 2)
Specific target organ toxicity — single exposure (Category 3, narcotic effects)
Toxicity: Moderate toxicity via inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption; can affect central nervous system.
Exposure Limits:
OSHA PEL: 200 ppm (8-hour TWA)
ACGIH TLV: 20 ppm (8-hour TWA)
Storage & Handling Attributes
Storage Conditions: Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from sources of ignition and incompatible materials.
Container Type: Steel drums, bulk tanks, or suitable solvent containers.
Shelf Life: Stable under recommended storage conditions for several years.
Handling Precautions: Use explosion-proof equipment; avoid inhalation and skin contact; ensure grounding to prevent static discharge.
Regulatory & Compliance Attributes
Complies with REACH, TSCA, OSHA, and GHS requirements.
Listed on major chemical inventories worldwide.
Classified and labeled according to international transport regulations (UN 1294).
Subject to environmental regulations due to VOC content.
Environmental & Health Impact
Biodegradability: Readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions.
Ecotoxicity: Toxic to aquatic organisms; avoid environmental discharge.
Bioaccumulation: Low potential.
Environmental Fate: Volatile and may contribute to air pollution and smog formation.
PPE Required: Flame-resistant gloves, goggles, and respirators in poorly ventilated areas.
Handling Guidelines: Avoid ignition sources; use in well-ventilated areas or fume hoods.
Storage Measures: Ground and bond containers during transfer; store away from oxidizers.
First Aid Measures
Inhalation: Move to fresh air immediately; seek medical attention if symptoms like dizziness or headache persist.
Skin Contact: Wash thoroughly with soap and water; remove contaminated clothing.
Eye Contact: Rinse eyes with water for at least 15 minutes; seek medical help if irritation continues.
Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting; seek immediate medical attention.
Firefighting Measures
Fire Hazards: Highly flammable liquid and vapor; vapors can form explosive mixtures with air.
Extinguishing Media: Use alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical powder, COâ‚‚, or water spray.
Hazardous Combustion Products: Carbon oxides, benzene, and other toxic fumes.
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