Atropine Sulphate

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Atropine Sulphate is a crystalline, water-soluble alkaloid salt derived from the belladonna plant (Atropa belladonna) and other Solanaceae family members. It is a tropane alkaloid with potent anticholinergic properties, widely used in medicine for its ability to block muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Atropine Sulphate is employed in ophthalmology, emergency medicine, and anesthesia for its effects on the eyes, heart, and smooth muscles. It acts by inhibiting parasympathetic nerve impulses, resulting in pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and reduced gland secretions.

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Categories: Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMICALS Tags: Antidote for organophosphate poisoning, Atropine sulfate, Hospital and clinical use, Muscle Relaxant, Ophthalmic medication, Pharmaceutical API, Pre-anesthetic medication

Description

Table of Contents

Atropine Sulphate

Primary Uses

Medical & Pharmaceutical Applications

Used as a mydriatic agent to dilate pupils during eye examinations and surgeries.
Administered to treat bradycardia (slow heart rate) during cardiac emergencies by increasing heart rate.
Utilized as an antidote to counteract organophosphate poisoning (e.g., insecticide poisoning) by blocking excessive acetylcholine effects.
Employed preoperatively to reduce salivation and respiratory secretions during anesthesia.
Used to relieve smooth muscle spasms in gastrointestinal, urinary, and biliary tracts (antispasmodic effects).
Applied in ophthalmology for uveitis treatment and cycloplegia (paralysis of ciliary muscles).

Research and Diagnostic Uses

Used in pharmacological research to study parasympathetic nervous system functions and receptor activity.

Secondary Uses

Veterinary Medicine

Administered to animals for similar indications such as treating bradycardia or as an antispasmodic.

Cosmetics

Rarely used in topical preparations for pupil dilation in certain clinical cosmetics procedures under strict supervision.

Laboratory Reagent

Used as a reagent in chemical and biochemical assays.

KEY PRODUCT FEATURES

1. Basic Identification Attributes

Chemical Name (IUPAC): (8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl) 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate sulfate (1:1)
Common/Trade Name: Atropine Sulphate
CAS Number: 591-50-4
HS Code: 2933.99.90
Molecular Formula: C₁₇H₂₃NO₃·H₂SO₄
Synonyms:
- Atropine sulfate salt
- (±)-Atropine sulfate
- Belladonna alkaloid

2. Physical & Chemical Properties

Physical State: White or slightly yellow crystalline powder or granules
Color & Odor: White to off-white, odorless or faint odor
Melting Point: 230–235 °C (decomposes)
Density: Approximately 1.7 g/cm³
Solubility: Highly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and slightly soluble in chloroform
pH Level: Slightly acidic aqueous solutions
Vapor Pressure: Negligible
Flash Point: Not flammable
Autoignition Temperature: N/A

3. Safety & Hazard Attributes

Hazard Class (GHS): Toxic if swallowed (Category 3), harmful if inhaled or in contact with skin
NFPA Ratings: Health 3, Flammability 1, Reactivity 0
Exposure Limits: No specific OSHA/ACGIH limits, but use with caution due to toxicity
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; sensitive to strong acids, bases, and light degradation

4. Storage & Handling Attributes

Storage Conditions: Store in a cool, dry, and dark place in tightly closed containers
Container Type: Amber glass or high-density polyethylene containers to avoid light exposure
Shelf Life: Typically 2–3 years under proper storage
Special Handling: Use gloves, avoid inhalation or ingestion, and prevent skin/eye contact

5. Regulatory & Compliance Attributes

FDA (USA): Approved pharmaceutical ingredient with regulated dosage and use
EMA (EU): Approved and controlled as a medicinal product
JECFA: Listed with established acceptable daily intake for medical uses
Hazard Symbols (GHS): Toxic health hazard symbol
Transportation Restrictions: Classified as a hazardous pharmaceutical material
Waste Disposal: Dispose of as hazardous pharmaceutical waste according to local regulations

6. Environmental & Health Impact

Ecotoxicity: Potentially toxic to aquatic life in high concentrations
Persistence: Biodegradable but should be disposed of carefully to avoid environmental contamination
Carcinogenicity/Mutagenicity: Not classified as carcinogenic
Biodegradability: Biodegradable under normal environmental conditions

SAFETY HANDLING PRECAUTIONS

Safety Handling Precautions

PPE: Wear gloves, lab coat, safety goggles, and respiratory protection when handling powders or solutions.
Handling: Work in well-ventilated areas or fume hoods; avoid inhalation, ingestion, and skin/eye contact.
Storage: Store away from light, moisture, and incompatible substances; keep tightly sealed.
Hygiene: Wash hands thoroughly after use; do not eat, drink, or smoke in handling areas.
Spill Response: Use absorbent materials and dispose of as hazardous waste.

First Aid Measures

Inhalation: Move affected person to fresh air immediately; seek medical attention if breathing difficulty occurs.
Skin Contact: Wash skin thoroughly with soap and water; remove contaminated clothing; seek medical advice if irritation persists.
Eye Contact: Rinse eyes with water for at least 15 minutes; seek medical attention immediately.
Ingestion: Do NOT induce vomiting; rinse mouth and seek emergency medical care immediately.

Firefighting Measures

Fire Hazards: Not highly flammable but may decompose producing toxic fumes if heated strongly.
Extinguishing Media: Use water spray, foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide extinguishers.
Special Precautions: Firefighters should wear full protective gear and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).