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Vitamin K3
Vitamin K3, chemically known as Menadione, is a synthetic, fat-soluble vitamin used primarily in animal nutrition and some pharmaceutical applications. Unlike Vitamins K1 and K2, Vitamin K3 does not occur naturally but is a stable precursor that the body (or animal body) can convert into active forms of Vitamin K. It plays a critical role in blood clotting, bone metabolism, and cellular health. Vitamin K3 is usually available as Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (MSB) or Menadione Nicotinamide Bisulfite (MNB) for enhanced solubility and stability.
Vitamin K3
Primary Uses
- Animal Nutrition
- Poultry Feed: Promotes proper blood clotting, bone development, and overall growth.
- Livestock & Aquaculture Feed: Ensures skeletal strength and reduces hemorrhagic disorders in swine, cattle, and fish.
- Pet Food Supplements: Supports coagulation and general health in dogs, cats, and exotic pets.
- Premix & Fortified Feed: Commonly included in vitamin-mineral premixes for commercial animal diets.
- Veterinary Pharmaceuticals
- Injectables & Oral Preparations: Used in veterinary medicines to treat Vitamin K deficiency or bleeding disorders.
- Hatchery Support: Employed in early-stage chick or fish nutrition to prevent hemorrhagic syndromes.
- Nutritional & Clinical Research
- Nutritional Studies: Used in laboratory animal diets for controlled experiments involving Vitamin K pathways.
- Biological Assays: Applied as a reference substance for testing vitamin interactions and functions.
Secondary UsesÂ
- Industrial & Pharmaceutical Synthesis
- Intermediate in Drug Synthesis: Occasionally used in the production of other Vitamin K analogues.
- Research Reagent: Applied in oxidative stress studies and cell signaling research.
1. Basic Identification Attributes
- Chemical Name (IUPAC): 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
- Common/Trade Name: Vitamin K3, Menadione
- CAS Number: 58-27-5
- HS Code: 2936.29.00
- Synonyms: Menadione, Menaphthone, Vitamin K3 MSB/MNB
2. Physical & Chemical Properties
- Physical State: Crystalline powder or fine granules
- Color & Odor: Yellow to orange; characteristic odor
- Solubility: Slightly soluble in water (pure form); soluble as MSB or MNB salts
- Melting Point: ~105–107 °C
- Molecular Formula: C11H8O2 (base compound)
- Molecular Weight: 172.18 g/mol (base compound)
- Stability: Stable under dry, dark conditions; light- and heat-sensitive in solution
3. Safety & Hazard Attributes
- GHS Classification: May cause skin irritation, eye irritation, and respiratory irritation
- Toxicity: Can be toxic at high doses, especially in humans; strictly regulated in human use
- LD50 (oral, rat): ~230 mg/kg (Menadione)
- Irritant Potential: Can irritate skin, eyes, and mucous membranes
4. Storage & Handling Attributes
- Storage Conditions: Store in tightly sealed containers in a cool, dry, and dark environment
- Container Type: Double-layered polyethylene bags within fiber drums
- Shelf Life: 24 months when stored properly
- Handling Precautions: Avoid generating dust; handle with appropriate protective gear
5. Regulatory & Compliance Attributes
- Approved for Animal Feed Use: Widely accepted in poultry, swine, aquaculture, and ruminant nutrition
- Not Approved for Human Use: Banned or restricted in human dietary supplements in many countries
- Complies with: Feed-grade standards in line with EU, USDA, and Chinese feed regulations
- Manufacturing Standards: GMP and ISO 9001-compliant facilities for feed-grade and veterinary use
6. Environmental & Health Impact
- Biodegradability: Degrades in soil and water under aerobic conditions
- Ecotoxicity: Low aquatic toxicity at regulated levels
- Bioaccumulation: Low risk when used as intended in animal feed
Safety Handling Precautions
- PPE Required: Gloves, lab coat, dust mask, and goggles
- Handling Guidelines: Use local ventilation when handling powders; avoid contact with eyes and skin
- Storage Measures: Keep sealed and protected from light and moisture
First Aid Measures
- Inhalation: Move to fresh air; seek medical attention if symptoms persist
- Skin Contact: Wash thoroughly with soap and water
- Eye Contact: Rinse with water for several minutes; seek help if irritation continues
- Ingestion: Rinse mouth; seek medical attention if large amounts are swallowed
Firefighting Measures
- Fire Hazards: Combustible dust
- Extinguishing Media: Use dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide
- Hazardous Combustion Products: Carbon oxides and toxic fumes under fire conditions
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